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| − | {{Podcasts
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| − | |link = https://bloomsbury.mediacore.tv/media/trichomonosis-in-birds}}
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| − | Also Known As: '''''Canker — Frounce — Roup — Tetratrichomiasis — Trichomoniasis — Avian Trichomonosis'''''
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| − | Caused by: ''[[Trichomonas gallinae]]''
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| − | ==Introduction==
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| − | [[File:Trichomonas.JPG|thumb|200px|right|''Trichomonas'' species with its anterior flagellae and undulating membrane]]
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| − | Avian trichomonosis is primarily an '''upper gastrointestinal''' disease of '''birds''' caused by the flagellate [[Protozoa| protozoal]] pathogen ''[[Trichomonas gallinae]]''.
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| − | '''Columbiformes''' (pigeons and doves) are the primary hosts.
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| − | Residing primarily in the [[Crop - Anatomy and Physiology | crop]] or ingluvies, the parasite is passed from infected '''parents to offspring''' during “pigeon milk” feeding early in life. Adult columbiformes also transmit the protozoan during courtship displays. Infection can then persist for considerable time. Only '''young''' or debilitated birds usually show signs of disease.
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| − | Domestic chicken and turkey infections are often acquired from drinking '''water contaminated''' by wild birds, usually feral pigeons, ''Columba livia'' or Wood Pigeons, ''Columba palumbus''. There is no vertical transmission from parent to offspring.
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| − | '''Birds of prey''' can also acquire the disease by ingestion of infected birds, and in these species, the disease is often referred to as '''frounce'''.
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| − | ==Distribution==
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| − | Trichomonosis is present worldwide and is a significant cause of economic loss in pigeons and turkeys. ''T. gallinae'' is an exceptionally hardy parasite, and can survive a wide range of suboptimal environmental conditions without a cyst form.
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| − | ==Clinical Signs==
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| − | Presence of the parasite in the [[Crop - Anatomy and Physiology |crop]], oesophagus, mouth, throat and sinuses causes '''yellow lesions/masses''' that grow in size and become obstructive.
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| − | Birds may not be able to close their mouths, causing '''dyspnoea''', '''dysphagia''' and fluid accumulation within the oral cavity.
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| − | Weight loss, ocular discharge, ataxia and blindness are also commonly reported.
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | Presence of '''yellow vesicles, “buttons” or masses''' on the oral mucosa and oesophagus is highly suggestive.
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| − | '''Pharyngeal or crop swabs''' can be used for laboratory '''culture''' and Giemsa staining achieving definitive diagnosis. Immediate microscopy of a direct swab may reveal motile, flagellated protozoal organisms.
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| − | ==Pathology==
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| − | '''Caseous lesions/masses''' are commonly present within the mouth, oesophagus, crop and glandular stomach.
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| − | The most frequently affected visceral organ is the '''[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology | liver]]''', which can then occasionally cause distribution throughout the abdominal cavity.
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| − | In very young pigeons (squabs) the '''navel''' region may be affected, encasing many visceral organs in a caseous mass.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | '''2-amino-5-nitrothiazole''' is the drug of choice due to its lack of adverse effects and few resistance problems at present.
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| − | '''Carnidazole''', '''dimetridazole''', '''metronizadole''' and '''ronidazole''' have also been used successfully, although attention should be paid when administering these drugs to food producing animals.
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| − | All are administered orally, either in liquid or tablet form for direct medication, or dissolved in water.
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| − | ==Control==
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| − | Prevention of '''wild birds'' access''' to water sources, good sanitation protocols and quarantine of new birds are paramount to control of this disease.
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| − | Relevant links: [[Trichomonosis - Cattle | Bovine Trichomonosis]]
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28trichomonas+gallinae%29/ Avian Trichomonosis Publications]
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| − | |flashcards = [[Avian Trichomonosis Flashcards]]
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| − | }}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{CABI source
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| − | |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=92917&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 avian trichomoniasis]
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| − | |date = 3 June 2011
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| − | }}
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| − | <br><br><br>
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| − | BonDurant, R.H., Honigberg, B.M., 1994. '''Trichomonads of veterinary importance.''' In: Kreier, J.P. (Ed.), ''Parasitic Protozoa'', 2nd ed. vol. 9. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 168–177.
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| − | Frank K. (2004). '''Canker''' [online] Available at: http://www.albertaclassic.com/trichomonas/trichomonas.php. [Accessed 12 May 2011]
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| − | Franssen, F. F. J., Lumeij, J. T.(1992) '''In vitro nitroimidazole resistance of ''Trichomonas gallinae'' and successful therapy with an increased dosage of ronidazole in racing pigeons (''Columba livia domestica'')'''. ''J Vet Pharm Therap'', 15(4):409-415; 20.
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| − | Levine N. D (1973) '''The Trichomonads''' Levine ND, ed. '''Protozoan Parasites of Domestic Animals and of Man'''. ''Burgess Publishing Company.'' Minnesota, USA , 88-110.
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| − | Samour J. H., Bailey, T. A., Cooper, J. E. (1995) '''Trichomoniasis in birds of prey (Order falconiformes) in Bahrain'''. ''Vet Record'', 136(14):358-362.
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| − | {{Expert Reviewed
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| − | |by = Dr Tiana Tasca, Dr De Carli & Dr. Bev Panto
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| − | |date = 27th July 2017
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| − | }}
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| − | {{OpenPages}}
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| − | [[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]] | |
| − | [[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
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