Difference between revisions of "Myiasis"

Revision as of 22:52, 5 June 2011

Infection by dipterous flies in moist body areas (eg. perineum)
Commonly affects sheep - ovine fleece rot
Grossly:
- Matted hair or wool, may be in wounds
- Multiple holes or ulcers
- Malodour
May result in death due to septicaemia or toxaemia
Cuterebra myiasis
- Caused by Cuterebra sp
- Young animals come into contact with eggs on stones or plants
- Nodules with larvae in subcutis + respiration openings to surface
Hypoderma myiasis
- Caused by Hypoderma lineatum or H. bovis
- Mainly affects cattle
- Skin of legs is penetrated -> migration through oesophagus or vertebral canal to subcutis of back
- Cause subcutaneous nodules with respiration openings
- Larvae in cavity with fibrin and eosinophils surrounded by granulation tissue with eosinophil clusters
Screwworm myiasis
- Occurs in Africa, Asia, Central and South America
- Larvaae are deposited in wounds
- Penetrate and liquify tissue

Pathogenesis

Production losses
- Annoyance
- Bites can lead to secondary infection by myiasis producing flies and other muscid species

Disease transmission
- Pathogenic bacteria and viruses via mechanical transmission
- Helminths can be introduced into the host
  - E.g. Stephanofiliaria a filarial nemadode found in the skin of cattle overseas

Haematobia irritans

Control

Resident fly so easier to control than visiting flies as spends more time in contact with the host

However, insecticide resistance can occur quicker

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{OpenPagesTop}}
+*Infection by dipterous flies in moist body areas (''eg.'' perineum)
-Also Known As: '''''Fly-Strike — Wound Myiasis — Maggots — Strike — Fly Infestation — Wool Maggots'''''
+*Commonly affects sheep - [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Ovine fleece rot|ovine fleece rot]]
+*Grossly:
+**Matted hair or wool, may be in wounds
+**Multiple holes or ulcers
+**Malodour
+*May result in death due to septicaemia or toxaemia
+*'''Cuterebra myiasis'''
+**Caused by ''Cuterebra'' sp
+**Young animals come into contact with eggs on stones or plants
+**Nodules with larvae in subcutis + respiration openings to surface
+*'''Hypoderma myiasis'''
+**Caused by ''Hypoderma lineatum'' or ''H. bovis''
+**Mainly affects cattle
+**Skin of legs is penetrated -> migration through [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] or vertebral canal to subcutis of back
+**Cause subcutaneous nodules with respiration openings
+**Larvae in cavity with fibrin and eosinophils surrounded by granulation tissue with eosinophil clusters
+*'''Screwworm myiasis'''
+**Occurs in Africa, Asia, Central and South America
+**Larvaae are deposited in wounds
+**Penetrate and liquify tissue
-Caused By: '''[[Myiasis Producing Flies]]'''
-==Introduction==
+==Pathogenesis==
-[[File:Myiasis cat.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cat with myiasis. Wikimedia Commons]]
+*Production losses
-[[File:Gasterophilus larvae.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Larval form of ''Gasterophilus spp'' stomach botfly. Wikimedia Commons]]
+**Annoyance
-Myiasis is caused by infestation of live hosts with '''[[Biting Flies |dipterous larvae]]'''. Small and large ruminants and poultry can be affected. These larvae then feed on the host’s living and dead tissue.
+**Bites can lead to secondary infection by [[Myiasis Producing Flies|myiasis producing flies]] and other muscid species
-[[Myiasis Producing Flies]] can be '''obligate or facultative'''.
+*Disease transmission
+**Pathogenic bacteria and viruses via mechanical transmission
-==Myiasis Causing Flies==
+**Helminths can be introduced into the host
-===Obligate===
+***E.g. ''Stephanofiliaria'' a filarial nemadode found in the skin of cattle overseas
-'''Obligate flies''' occur exclusively '''in '''or''' on''' living vertebrates.
-''[[Oestrus ovis]]'', [[Gasterophilus spp.|''Gasterophilus'' spp.]], [[Hypoderma spp.|''Hypoderma'' spp.]], [[Dermatobia hominis |''Dermatobia ''spp]], [[Wohlfahrtia spp.|''Wohlfahrtia'' spp.]], ''Cochliomyia, [[Chrysomya bezziana]]'' and ''Cordylobia.''
-===Facultative===
-'''Facultative''' flies are '''free-living''' and usually found in detritus or carrion.
-''Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya megacephala, rufifacies'' and ''albiceps, Lucilla sericata'' and cuprina, Phormia ''spp., ''Protophormia ''spp. and ''Caliphora'' spp.
-For more information, see [[Myiasis Producing Flies]].
-==Distribution==
-[[Myiasis Producing Flies]] are found in most regions of the world.
-==Signalment==
-Presence of '''wounds, wet fleece''' in sheep cases, recent '''surgery''', bacterial wool/skin contamination and '''faecal contamination''' are the main predisposing factors for myiasis.
-Density of stock will determine size and viability of the fly population.
-==Clinical Signs==
-Can be classified as '''cutaneous, nasopharyngeal, intestinal''' or '''urogenital'''. '''Pain, irritation, discomfort, alopecia''' and '''pruritus''' are common signs locally. There is also likely to be '''direct tissue damage, haemorrhage''', hyperpigmentation and secondary infection.
-[[Oestrus ovis |'''Nasal myiasis''']] causes irritation and [[Epistaxis |epistaxis]].
-'''Aural myiasis''' can cause deafness, discharge and foul exudates.
-'''Gastrointestinal myiasis''' caused by [[Gasterophilus spp.|''Gasterophilus'' spp.]] often causes '''ulceration, GI bleeding''', weight loss, [[Diarrhoea |diarrhoea]] and pupae are voided in faeces.
-[[Hypoderma spp. |'''Warble flies''']] cause '''cysts''' along the midline of the '''back'''.
-''Lucilia sericata'' tends to cause lesions on the inner '''thighs and perineum''' due to faecal soiling.
-''[[Wohlfahrtia spp.|''Wohlfahrtia' spp.]]'' cause '''genital lesions''' on the vulva and prepuce.
-'''Loss of feathers''' and soiling of the vent is seen in '''poultry'''.
-In severe cases, anaemia, anaphylaxis and toxaemia may be fatal. Likely consequence is reduced feeding and resulting weight loss and infertility.
-==Diagnosis==
-Diagnosis is primarily dependent on '''observation of larvae''' on the host or in the faeces.
-Larvae may also be observed in the carcass at '''post-mortem'''.
-Gastroscopy may be used in the case of [[Gasterophilus spp. |gastric myiasis]].
-'''[[ELISA testing | ELISA]]''' is also available for [[Hypoderma spp.|''Hypoderma'' spp.]] and ''[[Oestrus ovis]]''. '''PCR''' is available for ''Cochliomyia spp''.
-==Treatment==
-Treatment with '''[[Ectoparasiticides |ectoparasiticides]]''' is usually effective. Administration can be '''oral, topical or by subcutaneous injection''' and the type of myiasis should be considered when deciding upon route of administration.
-'''Ivermectin''' and '''doramectin''' are both effective in the control of [[Oestrus ovis |nasal myiasis]] ,[[Hypoderma spp. |warble fly]] and [[Dermatobia hominis |''Dermatobia'']] when '''injected'''.
-'''Moxidectin''' is the main drug for '''oral treatment'''. It is effective against [[Gasterophilus spp.|''Gasterophilus'' spp.]]
-'''Topical treatment''' by '''pour-on or dipping''' is most effective against '''cutaneous/subcutaneous myiasis'''. A huge range of products are available. Resistance should be considered and monitored.
+==Haematobia irritans==
 ==Control==
-Preventative treatment with '''[[Ectoparasiticides |ectoparasiticides]]''' is common.
+*Resident fly so easier to control than visiting flies as spends more time in contact with the host
-Release of '''sterile insects''' is also possible and effective but expensive.
-'''[[Vaccines]]''' are available against [[Hypoderma spp.|''Hypoderma ''spp.]] and ''Lucilia spp.''
-<b><big>Also see [[Cutaneous Blowfly Myiasis – Rabbit|Myiasis in Rabbits]]</big></b>
-{{Learning
-|flashcards = [[Myiasis Flashcards]]
-}}
-{{Chapter}}
-{{Mansonchapter
-|chapterlink = http://www.mansonpublishing.co.uk/book-images/9781840760491_sample.pdf
-|chaptername = Cutaneous Myiasis
-|book = Sheep Medicine
-|author = Philip R. Scott
-|isbn = 9781840761498
-}}
-==References==
-<references/>
-{{CABI source
-|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=74573&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 myiasis-causing flies]
-|date =6 June 2011
-}}
-<br><br><br>
-{{review}}
+*However, [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticide]] resistance can occur quicker
-{{OpenPages}}
 [[Category:Integumentary System - Parasitic Infections]]
-[[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
+[[Category:To_Do_-_CABI]]

Difference between revisions of "Myiasis"

Revision as of 22:52, 5 June 2011

Pathogenesis

Haematobia irritans

Control

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