Difference between revisions of "Mycoplasma synoviae"

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{{Podcasts
 
|link = https://bloomsbury.mediacore.tv/podcasts/wikivet-english/mycoplasma-synoviae}}
 
 
{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
 
|name = ''Mycoplasma synoviae''
 
|name = ''Mycoplasma synoviae''
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|species = ''M.synoviae''
 
|species = ''M.synoviae''
 
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Also Known As: '''''Infectious Synovitis''''' — '''''Avian Mycoplasmosis''''' — '''''Infectious Sinusitis''''' — '''''Mycoplasma Arthritis'''''  
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Also Known As '''''Infectious synovitis''''' — '''''Avian mycoplasmosis''''' — '''''Infectious sinusitis''''' — '''''Mycoplasma arthritis'''''  
 +
 
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Caused By — ''Mycoplasma synoviae''
  
 
==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
''M. synoviae'' causes '''[[Bacteria |bacterial]]''' disease affecting the '''joints, bones''' and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology|'''respiratory''' system of '''birds''']]. It is one of the [[Mycoplasmas |mycoplasma]] genus of bacteria.
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''M. synoviae'' causes '''[[Bacteria | bacterial]]''' disease affecting the '''joints, bones''' and '''respiratory''' system of '''birds'''.  
 +
It is one of the [[Mycoplasmas | mycoplasma]] genus’ of bacteria.
  
''M; synoviae'' shares some antigens with [[Mycoplasma gallisepticum |''M. gallisepticum'']] which causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry, but is distinct by most serological tests.
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It is closely related to [[Mycoplasma gallisepticum | ''M. Gallisepticum'']] which causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry.
  
''M. synoviae'' is endemic in parts of Europe and causes significant production losses particularly in '''egg production'''. Very recently the mycoplasma has been associated with eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA)<ref>Catania, S., Bilato, D., Gobbo, F., Granato, A., Iob, L and Nicholas R.A.J. (2010) '''Treatment of egg-shell abnormalities and reduced egg production caused by ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' infection.''' ''Avian Diseases'' 54, 961-964</ref>.
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''M. synoviae'' is endemic in parts of Europe and causes significant production losses particularly in '''egg production'''.
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
Thought to be worldwide but recording is unreliable.  
+
Thought to likely be worldwide but recording is unreliable.  
  
 
Mycoplasma can be '''transmitted''' to progeny through '''eggs''' and through '''direct and indirect contact''' between birds.
 
Mycoplasma can be '''transmitted''' to progeny through '''eggs''' and through '''direct and indirect contact''' between birds.
 
 
==Signalment==
 
==Signalment==
The bacterium affects mainly '''chickens''' and turkeys, with chickens being the most susceptible. It can also affect game and wild birds.  
+
Affects mainly '''chickens''' and turkeys, with chickens the most susceptible.  
  
 +
It can also affect game and wild birds.
 
==Clinical Signs==
 
==Clinical Signs==
Most birds exhibit '''lameness, abnormal curvature''' of the limbs, deviation of the limbs and feet and a stiff gait. '''Dehydration and decreased production''' usually manifest and birds are reluctant to move.
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'''Lameness, abnormal curvature''' of the limbs, deviation of the limbs and feet, stiff gait.
  
'''Tachypnoea, sneezing, purulent nasal discharge''' and open mouth breathing are common but non-specific.
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'''Dehydration, decreased production''', reluctance to move
  
Torticollis and other neurological signs may occur in some severe cases.
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'''Tachypnoea, sneezing, purulent nasal discharge''', open mouth breathing
 
 
EAA is characterised by defects at the apex (pointed end) of the egg consisting of sharp clearly defined discoloured zones which are thin, soft and fragile. It can result in a significant drop in egg quality and production.
 
  
 +
Torticollis and other neurological signs
 
==Diagnosis==
 
==Diagnosis==
Clinical '''signs''' and '''necropsy''' findings are suggestive but not pathognomonic so laboratory diagnosis is necessary.
+
Clinical '''signs''' and '''necropsy''' findings are suggestive but not pathognomic so laboratory diagnosis is necessary.
  
 
On '''post-mortem, air sacculitis and arthritis''' with a '''caseous exudate''' are evident.  
 
On '''post-mortem, air sacculitis and arthritis''' with a '''caseous exudate''' are evident.  
  
Bacteria can be '''isolated''' and '''cultured from wet swabs''' of the trachea, oropharynx, eye, nose or cloaca in live birds. If sampling a dead bird, '''sterile''' samples of '''synovial fluid''' and air sac samples should be taken.
+
Bacteria can be '''isolated''' and '''cultured from wet swabs''' of the trachea, oropharynx, eye, nose or cloaca in live birds.
 +
If sampling a dead bird, '''sterile''' samples of '''synovial fluid''' and air sac samples should be taken.
  
''M. synoviae'' can then be definitively identified by '''[[immunofluorescence]]''' and '''PCR'''.
+
''M. synoviae'' can then be definitively identified by '''immunofluorescence''' and '''PCR'''.
 
 
[[ELISA testing |'''ELISAs''']] can be used for serological diagnosis and are excellent for detecting antibodies in egg yolk which is valuable for flock status investigation. However the slide agglutination test (SAT) is still widely used in industry.
 
 
 
Specific immunoblotting tests are available in some specialist laboratories to confirm results of the ELISAs and SATs.
 
  
 +
[[ELISA testing | '''ELISA''']] can be used for serological diagnosis and are excellent for detecting antibodies in egg yolk which is valuable for flock status investigation.
 
==Treatment==
 
==Treatment==
 
''M. synoviae'' is susceptible to '''tilmicosin, tylosin, enrofloxacin''' and '''oxytetacyclines''' in vitro but resistance is increasing in vivo.
 
''M. synoviae'' is susceptible to '''tilmicosin, tylosin, enrofloxacin''' and '''oxytetacyclines''' in vitro but resistance is increasing in vivo.
  
 
Eggs can be '''dipped''' in cold '''chlortetracycline''' antibiotic solution for 15-20 minutes or '''heat treated''' to 46-47⁰ for 11-14 hours prior to incubation.
 
Eggs can be '''dipped''' in cold '''chlortetracycline''' antibiotic solution for 15-20 minutes or '''heat treated''' to 46-47⁰ for 11-14 hours prior to incubation.
 
 
==Control==
 
==Control==
 
Control is hampered by the increasing resistance of ''M. synoviae'' to antibiotics.  
 
Control is hampered by the increasing resistance of ''M. synoviae'' to antibiotics.  
  
A vaccine containing a temperature-sensitive strain (MS-H) of Mycoplasma synoviae is currently used in many countries around the world. The duration of protective immunity is at least 40 weeks and has been shown to be protective against EAA.
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No vaccine is available and infection is difficult to control due its aerosolic, vertical and contact transmission.
  
 +
{{Learning
 +
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Mycoplasma+synoviae%29/ ''M synoviae Publications]
  
{{Learning
 
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Mycoplasma+synoviae%22%29 ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' publications]
 
 
|flashcards = [[Mycoplasma synoviae Flashcards | ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' Flashcards]]
 
|flashcards = [[Mycoplasma synoviae Flashcards | ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' Flashcards]]
 
}}
 
}}
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
{{CABI source
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Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, '''Mycoplasma synoviae datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=74542&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Mycoplasma synoviae''] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=74552&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' infections]
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|date =6 June 2011
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Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, '''Mycoplasma synoviae infections datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
}}
 
<br><br>
 
  
{{Robin Nicholas
+
==Literature Search==
|date = 31 August 2011
+
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
}}
 
  
{{OpenPages}}
+
Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 +
<br><br><br>
 +
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Mycoplasma+synoviae%22%29 ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' publications]
  
 
[[Category:Mycoplasmas]]
 
[[Category:Mycoplasmas]]
[[Category:Avian Bacteria]]
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[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]
 
[[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Birds]]
 
[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
 

Revision as of 10:31, 15 June 2011

Mycoplasma synoviae
Phylum Firmicutes
Class Mollicutes
Order Mycoplasmatales
Family Mycoplasmataceae
Genus Mycoplasma
Species M.synoviae

Also Known As — Infectious synovitisAvian mycoplasmosisInfectious sinusitisMycoplasma arthritis

Caused By — Mycoplasma synoviae

Introduction

M. synoviae causes bacterial disease affecting the joints, bones and respiratory system of birds. It is one of the mycoplasma genus’ of bacteria.

It is closely related to M. Gallisepticum which causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry.

M. synoviae is endemic in parts of Europe and causes significant production losses particularly in egg production.

Distribution

Thought to likely be worldwide but recording is unreliable.

Mycoplasma can be transmitted to progeny through eggs and through direct and indirect contact between birds.

Signalment

Affects mainly chickens and turkeys, with chickens the most susceptible.

It can also affect game and wild birds.

Clinical Signs

Lameness, abnormal curvature of the limbs, deviation of the limbs and feet, stiff gait.

Dehydration, decreased production, reluctance to move

Tachypnoea, sneezing, purulent nasal discharge, open mouth breathing

Torticollis and other neurological signs

Diagnosis

Clinical signs and necropsy findings are suggestive but not pathognomic so laboratory diagnosis is necessary.

On post-mortem, air sacculitis and arthritis with a caseous exudate are evident.

Bacteria can be isolated and cultured from wet swabs of the trachea, oropharynx, eye, nose or cloaca in live birds. If sampling a dead bird, sterile samples of synovial fluid and air sac samples should be taken.

M. synoviae can then be definitively identified by immunofluorescence and PCR.

ELISA can be used for serological diagnosis and are excellent for detecting antibodies in egg yolk which is valuable for flock status investigation.

Treatment

M. synoviae is susceptible to tilmicosin, tylosin, enrofloxacin and oxytetacyclines in vitro but resistance is increasing in vivo.

Eggs can be dipped in cold chlortetracycline antibiotic solution for 15-20 minutes or heat treated to 46-47⁰ for 11-14 hours prior to incubation.

Control

Control is hampered by the increasing resistance of M. synoviae to antibiotics.

No vaccine is available and infection is difficult to control due its aerosolic, vertical and contact transmission.


Mycoplasma synoviae Learning Resources
FlashcardsFlashcards logo.png
Flashcards
Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions
Mycoplasma synoviae Flashcards
CABICABI logo.jpg
Literature Search
Search for recent publications via CAB Abstract
(CABI log in required)
M synoviae Publications


References

Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, Mycoplasma synoviae datasheet, accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, Mycoplasma synoviae infections datasheet, accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Literature Search

CABI logo.jpg

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).


Mycoplasma synoviae publications