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| − | <FlashCard questions="13"> | + | <FlashCard questions="5"> |
| − | |q1=What disease does the Encephalomyocarditis virus cause in pigs and which systems can it affect? | + | |q1=What is the main insect vector involved in spread of Japanese Encephalitis? |
| − | |a1=Encephalomyocarditis. The disease affects the nervous, reproductive, respiratory and circulatory system of pigs. | + | |a1= Mosquitoes |
| − | |l1=Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction | + | |l1=Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Introduction |
| − | |q2=What type of virus is Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)? | + | |q2=What two types of disease is it known for causing? |
| − | |a2= A single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus. | + | |a2= |
| − | |l2= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
| + | * Neurological disease in horses |
| − | |q3= What are the properties of EMCV?
| + | *Reproductive disease in pigs |
| − | |a3=
| + | |l2= Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Introduction |
| − | *It is stable over a wide range of pH | + | |q3= What is important about Japanese Encephalitis from a Public Health point of view? |
| − | *The virus is ether-resistant
| + | |a3= It is zoonotic and can cause fatal encephalitis in children. |
| − | *It can be inactivated at 60°C for 30 minutes (although some are more thermally stabile)
| + | |l3= Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Introduction |
| − | |l3= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
| + | |q4= What serological test can be performed for Japanese Encephalitis Virus? |
| − | |q4=Can EMCV infect humans?
| + | |a4= Antibodies can be detected by ELISA or serum neutralisation |
| − | |a4= Antibodies for EMCV have been found in humans but there are no reports that the virus causes human heart disease.
| + | |l4= Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Diagnosis |
| − | |l4= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
| + | |q5= From where can viral antigen be demonstrated and with which tests? |
| − | |q5=What are the hosts for (EMCV)?
| + | |a5= |
| − | |a5= The domestic host for this virus is the pig and it is the most susceptible to EMCV infection. Other hosts include:
| + | *Brain |
| − | *Chimpanzees
| + | *Placenta |
| − | *Monkeys
| + | *Foetus |
| − | *Elephants
| + | *IFAT |
| − | *Lions
| + | *Avidin-Biotin immunostaining |
| − | *Squirrels
| + | |l5=Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Diagnosis |
| − | *Mongooses
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| − | *Racoons
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| − | |l5= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Signalment
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| − | |q6=What are the clinical signs associated with EMCV?
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| − | |a6= The disease causes:
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| − | *High mortality in young pigs
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| − | *Reproductive failures in breeding females | |
| − | *Piglets suffer from myocarditis, encephalitis and sudden death due to myocardial failure
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| − | *Vomiting and regurgitation
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| − | *Anorexia, pyrexia, fasciculations, tachypnea, dyspnea, and open mouth breathing
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| − | | |
| − | Neurological signs include:
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| − | *Ataxia, generalised weakness, tetraparesis, inability to stand, tremor, dysmetria, lethargy and depression.
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| − | | |
| − | Pregnant sows that become infected can suffer from infertility, mummified fetus, abortions, still births, small litter and weak new born.
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| − | |l6= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Clinical Signs
| |
| − | |q7=How is the virus believed to be spread?
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| − | |a7= Through rodents (major reservoir of the disease) - infecting pigs directly or through diseased carcasses and contaminated feeds or water supplies.
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| − | |l7= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Epidemiology | |
| − | |q8=What is the distribution of EMCV? | |
| − | |a8= Worldwide; cases were first reported in Central America, Florida and Australia. | |
| − | |l8= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Distribution
| |
| − | |q9=How can EMCV be diagnosed?
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| − | |a9= A definitive diagnosis can be confirmed by virus isolation from infected heart tissue from pigs that have died in the acute phase of the disease.
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| − | | |
| − | Detection of antibody specific to EMCV from still born piglets has been used to confirm foetal infection.
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| − | |l9= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis | |
| − | |q10=What pathology can be found on postmortem? | |
| − | |a10= | |
| − | *Cardiomegaly
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| − | *Myocardial lesions with yellow or white necrotic foci, usually on the epicardium of the right ventricle.
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| − | | |
| − | Infected foetuses can grossly vary depending on the stage of pregnancy and infection. Foetuses can be haemorrhagic, oedematous or apparently normal.
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| − | | |
| − | Acutely affected pigs may not show any gross lesions on post mortem.
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| − | |l10= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis | |
| − | |q11=What histopathological findings can be seen with EMCV? | |
| − | |a11= | |
| − | Within heart tissue:
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| − | *Myocarditis
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| − | *Focal or diffuse accumulation of mononuclear cells
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| − | *Vascular congestion and oedema
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| − | *Degeneration of the myocardial fibres with necrosis and occasional mineralization of necrotic heart muscle | |
| − | | |
| − | Within brain tissue:
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| − | *Congestion | |
| − | *Meningitis | |
| − | *Perivascular infiltration (mononuclear cells) | |
| − | *Neuronal degeneration | |
| − | | |
| − | Within foetuses:
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| − | *Nonsuppurative encephalitis
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| − | *Myocarditis
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| − | |l11=Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis | |
| − | |q12=What treatment is there for encephalomyocarditis?
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| − | |a12=There is no specific treatment. Mortality levels in at risk pigs can be reduced by avoiding stress or excitation.
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| − | |l12= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Treatment
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| − | |q13=How can EMCV be controlled?
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| − | |a13=
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| − | *Inactivated vaccine (intramuscularly) in the USA.
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| − | *Control rodent populations on farm to prevent the spread of disease and contamination of feeds or water supply
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| − | *Good husbandry and hygiene protocols should be followed
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| − | *Regular use of disinfectants
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| − | |l13= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Control
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| | </FlashCard> | | </FlashCard> |
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| | [[Category:CABI Flashcards]] | | [[Category:CABI Flashcards]] |
| | [[Category:Reproductive Diseases Flashcards]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases Flashcards]] | | [[Category:Reproductive Diseases Flashcards]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases Flashcards]] |
| | + | [[[[Category:To Do - Jaimie Meagor]] |