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| − | Also known as: '''''Torovirus Infections — Berne Virus — BEV — Breda Virus — BRV — Bovine Torovirus — BoTV — Equine Torovirus — ETV — Prototype Berne Virus — Porcine Torovirus'''''.
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| | {{Taxobox | | {{Taxobox |
| − | |name = Toroviruses | + | |name =''Scientific Classification'' |
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| | |kingdom = Virus | | |kingdom = Virus |
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| | |sub-order = | | |sub-order = |
| | |super-family = | | |super-family = |
| − | |family = [[:Category:Coronaviridae|Coronaviridae]] | + | |family = Coronaviridae |
| | |sub-family = | | |sub-family = |
| | |genus = Torovirus | | |genus = Torovirus |
| | |species = Toroviruses | | |species = Toroviruses |
| | }} | | }} |
| − | ==Introduction==
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| − | [[File:Torovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Electron Micrograph of Torovirus particles]]
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| − | Toroviruses are relatively new viruses belonging to the family [[:Category:Coronaviridae|Coronaviridae]]. They are enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses that are pleomorphic, 120-140 nm in diameter and are relatively stable in acid or alkaline environment between pH 2.5-10. Toroviruses have been isolated from horses (Equine torovirus, ETV, prototype Berne virus) and calves with diarrhoea (bovine torovirus, BoTV, prototype Breda virus).
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| − | ==Signalment==
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| − | Hosts include cattle, zebu, goats, horses, sheep, pigs, lagomorphs, rodents, domestic cats and humans.
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| − | ==Clinical Signs==
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| − | The disease causes diarrhoea, pyrexia, dehydration, lethargy and depression in all ages of cattle. In calves it causes anorexia, mucoid faeces and the following neurological signs; generalised weakness, paralysis, inability to stand, trembling and sudden death. It can also cause respiratory problems such as laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia. Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk.
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| − | In cats, diarrhoea and protruding nictitating membranes have been associated with feline torovirus infections.
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| − | Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease <ref name=" Kroneman et al., 1998">Kroneman, A., Cornelissen, L.A.H.M., Horzinek, M.C., Groot, R.J.de., Egberink, H.F., (1998) '''Identification and characterization of a porcine torovirus'''. ''Journal of Virology'', 72(5):3507-3511; 35 ref.</ref>.
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| − | ==Epidemiology==
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| − | Toroviruses are found in many species but little is known about the transmission or interspecies transmission of the virus. It is presumed that they are spread via the faecal-oral route and through subclinical or chronically infected cattle <ref name=" Koopmans and Horzinek, 1994"> Koopmans, M., Horzinek, M.C., (1994) '''Toroviruses of animals and humans: a review'''. ''Advances in Virus Research'', 43:233-273; many ref. </ref>.
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| − | The Berne virus (BEV) has been found in horses; whereas the Breda virus (BRV) is found in cattle of which there are two serotypes; BRV 1 and 2. Breda virus in cattle can be detected in the dome epithelium and enterocytes of the intestines and differentiate within the epithelial cells of the villi; interrupting the animal's absorptive capacity, although not as dramatically as the [[Rotaviruses|rotavirus]].
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| − | ==Distribution==
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| − | '''Worldwide''' in cattle and horses.
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | Diagnostic methods include a combination of electron microscopy, immuno-electron microscopy (IEM), [[Agglutination|haemagglutination]] inhibition or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]. Toroviruses can be differentiated from coronaviruses by using IEM <ref name="Woode, 1987">Woode, G.N., (1987). '''Breda and Breda-like viruses: diagnosis, pathology and epidemiology. Novel diarrhoea viruses'''., 175-191; ''Ciba Foundation Symposium 128''; 23 ref.</ref>.
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| − | Villus fusion and atrophy and thinning of intestinal wall can be seen on post-mortem.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | There is no specific treatment. Animals can be supported with fluids to prevent dehydration as a result of the episodes of diarrhoea. Secondary bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. Culture and sensitivity is recommended.
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| − | ==Control==
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| − | Isolation of infected animals and good hygiene and sanitary measures may help reduce the spread of the disease.
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |flashcards = [[Toroviruses Flashcards]]
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| − | }}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <references/>
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| − | {{CABI source
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| − | |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=61308&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 toroviruses] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=61309&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 torovirus infections]
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| − | |date = 19 June 2011
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| − | }}
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| − | <br><br><br>
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| − | {{review}}
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| − | ==Webinars==
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| − | <rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/infection-control-and-biosecurity/webinars/feed</rss>
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| − | [[Category:Coronaviridae]] | + | [[Category:To Do - Jaimie Meagor]] |
| − | [[Category:Horse Viruses]]
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| − | [[Category:Cattle Viruses]]
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| − | [[Category:Pig Viruses]]
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| − | [[Category:Cat Viruses]]
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| − | [[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Cattle]]
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| − | [[Category:Small Intestinal Diseases - Horse]]
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| − | [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle]]
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| − | [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]]
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| − | [[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
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| − | [[Category:Nick L]]
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