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| − | <FlashCard questions="14">
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| − | |q1=What family do the Toroviruses belong to?
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| − | |a1=''Coronaviridae''
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| − | |l1=Toroviruses#Introduction
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| − | |q2=What type of viruses are Toroviruses and what are their properties?
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| − | |a2=
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| − | *Enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses
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| − | *Pleomorphic
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| − | *120-140 nm in diameter
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| − | *Relatively stable in acid or alkaline environment between pH 2.5-10
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| − | |l2= Toroviruses#Introduction
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| − | |q3= What are the names given to Toroviruses found in horses?
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| − | |a3=
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| − | *Equine torovirus (ETV)
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| − | *Prototype Berne virus
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| − | |l3= Toroviruses#Introduction
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| − | |q4= What are the names given to Toroviruses found in cattle?
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| − | |a4=
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| − | *Bovine torovirus (BoTV)
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| − | *Prototype Breda virus
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| − | |l4= Toroviruses#Introduction
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| − | |q5= What species are the Toroviruses found in?
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| − | |a5=
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| − | Hosts include:
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| − | *Cattle
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| − | *Zebu
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| − | *Goats
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| − | *Horses
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| − | *Sheep
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| − | *Pigs
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| − | *Lagomorphs
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| − | *Rodents
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| − | *Domestic cats
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| − | *Humans
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| − | |l5= Toroviruses#Signalment
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| − | |q6= What are the clinical signs of the Toroviruses in cattle?
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| − | |a6=
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| − | In all ages of cattle it can cause:
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| − | *Diarrhoea
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| − | *Pyrexia
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| − | *Dehydration
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| − | *Lethargy
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| − | *Depression
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| − | In calves it causes:
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| − | *Anorexia and mucoid faeces
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| − | *Neurological signs; generalised weakness, paralysis, inability to stand, trembling and sudden death.
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| − | *Respiratory problems such as laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia.
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| − |
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| − | Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk.
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| − | |l6= Toroviruses#Clinical Signs
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| − | |q7= What are the clinical signs of the Toroviruses in cats?
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| − | |a7=
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| − | *Diarrhoea
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| − | *Protruding nictating membranes
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| − | |l7= Toroviruses#Clinical Signs
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| − | |q8= What are the clinical signs of the Toroviruses in pigs?
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| − | |a8=
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| − | Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease.
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| − | |l8= Toroviruses#Clinical Signs
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| − | |q9= How is the Torovirus transmitted?
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| − | |a9=
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| − | It is presumed that it is spread via the faecal-oral route and through subclinical or chronically infected cattle.
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| − | |l9= Toroviruses#Epidemiology
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| − | |q10= What is the distribution of Toroviruses?
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| − | |a10=Worldwide in cattle and horses
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| − | |l10= Toroviruses#Distribution
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| − | |q11= How is the Torovirus detected?
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| − | |a11=
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| − | Diagnostic methods include a combination of:
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| − | *Electron microscopy
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| − | *Immuno-electron microscopy (IEM)- which can differentiate the Toroviruses from Coronaviruses
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| − | *Haemagglutination inhibition
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| − | *ELISA
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| − | |l11= Toroviruses#Diagnosis
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| − | |q12= What effect does the virus have on the intestinal wall?
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| − | |a12=
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| − | *Villus fusion
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| − | *Villus atrophy
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| − | *Thinning of intestinal wall
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| − | |l12= Toroviruses#Diagnosis
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| − | |q13= How do you treat for Torovirus infections?
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| − | |a13=
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| − | There is no specific treatment; only supportive fluid treatment for diarrhoea and antibiotics for secondary infections.
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| − | |l13=Toroviruses#Treatment
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| − | |q14= How do you control Toroviruses?
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| − | |a14=
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| − | *Isolation of infected animals
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| − | *Good hygiene and sanitary measures
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| − | |l14=Toroviruses#Control
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| − | </FlashCard>
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| | [[Category: Virus Flashcards]] | | [[Category: Virus Flashcards]] |
| | [[Category:CABI Flashcards]] | | [[Category:CABI Flashcards]] |
| − | [[Category:Cattle Flashcards]]
| + | |
| − | [[Category:Horse Flashcards]] | + | [[Category: To Do - Jaimie Meagor]] |