Difference between revisions of "Toroviruses"
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| + | Also known as: ''''' Torovirus '''''—'''''Torovirus infections '''''— ''''' Berne virus'''''—''''' BEV '''''— '''''Breda virus'''''—''''' BRV'''''—''''' Bovine torovirus'''''—''''' BoTV'''''—''''' diarrhea in calves'''''—''''' Equine torovirus'''''—'''''ETV'''''—'''''Prototype Berne virus'''''—''''' Porcine torovirus'''''. | ||
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{{Taxobox | {{Taxobox | ||
| − | |name = | + | |name =''Scientific Classification'' |
|kingdom = Virus | |kingdom = Virus | ||
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|sub-order = | |sub-order = | ||
|super-family = | |super-family = | ||
| − | |family = | + | |family = Coronaviridae |
|sub-family = | |sub-family = | ||
|genus = Torovirus | |genus = Torovirus | ||
|species = Toroviruses | |species = Toroviruses | ||
}} | }} | ||
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
| + | Toroviruses are relatively new viruses belonging to the family Coronaviridae. The viruses are enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses that are pleomorphic, 120-140 nm in diameter and are relatively stable in acid or alkaline environment between pH 2.5-10. Toroviruses have been isolated from horses (Equine torovirus, ETV, prototype Berne virus) and calves with diarrhoea (bovine torovirus, BoTV, prototype Breda virus). | ||
[[File:Torovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Electron Micrograph of Torovirus particles]] | [[File:Torovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Electron Micrograph of Torovirus particles]] | ||
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==Signalment== | ==Signalment== | ||
| − | + | Host include cattle, zebu, goats, horses, sheep, pigs, lagomorphs, rodents, domestic cats and humans. | |
==Clinical Signs== | ==Clinical Signs== | ||
| − | The disease causes diarrhoea, pyrexia, dehydration, lethargy and depression in all ages of cattle. In calves it causes anorexia, mucoid faeces and the following neurological signs; generalised weakness, paralysis, inability to stand, trembling and sudden death. It can also cause respiratory problems such as laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia. Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk. | + | The disease causes diarrhoea, pyrexia, dehydration, lethargy and depression in all ages of cattle. In calves it causes anorexia, mucoid faeces and the following neurological signs; generalised weakness, paralysis, inability to stand, trembling and sudden death. It can also cause respiratory problems such as laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia. Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk. |
| − | In cats, diarrhoea and protruding | + | In cats, diarrhoea and protruding nictating membranes have been associated with feline torovirus infections. |
| − | Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease <ref name=" Kroneman et al., 1998">Kroneman, A., Cornelissen, L.A.H.M., Horzinek, M.C., Groot, R.J.de., Egberink, H.F., (1998) '''Identification and characterization of a porcine torovirus'''. ''Journal of Virology'', 72(5):3507-3511; 35 ref.</ref>. | + | Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease <ref name=" Kroneman et al., 1998">Kroneman, A., Cornelissen, L.A.H.M., Horzinek, M.C., Groot, R.J.de., Egberink, H.F., (1998). '''Identification and characterization of a porcine torovirus'''. ''Journal of Virology'', 72(5):3507-3511; 35 ref.</ref>. |
==Epidemiology== | ==Epidemiology== | ||
| − | Toroviruses are found in many species but little is known about the transmission or interspecies transmission of the virus. It is presumed that | + | Toroviruses are found in many species but little is known about the transmission or interspecies transmission of the virus. It is presumed that it is spread via the faecal-oral route and spread through subclinical or chronically infected cattle <ref name=" Koopmans and Horzinek, 1994"> Koopmans, M., Horzinek, M.C., (1994). '''Toroviruses of animals and humans: a review'''. ''Advances in Virus Research'', 43:233-273; many ref. </ref>. |
| − | + | The Berne virus (BEV) has been found in horses; whereas the Breda virus (BRV) is found in cattle of which there are two serotypes; BRV 1 and 2. Breda virus in cattle can be detected in the dome epithelium and enterocytes of the intestines and differentiate within the epithelial cells of the villi; interrupting the cattles absorptive capacity, although not as dramatically as the rotavirus. | |
| − | The Berne virus (BEV) has been found in horses; whereas the Breda virus (BRV) is found in cattle of which there are two serotypes; BRV 1 and 2. Breda virus in cattle can be detected in the dome epithelium and enterocytes of the intestines and differentiate within the epithelial cells of the villi; interrupting the | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
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==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
| − | Diagnostic methods include a combination of electron microscopy, immuno-electron microscopy (IEM), | + | Diagnostic methods include a combination of electron microscopy, immuno-electron microscopy (IEM), haemagglutination inhibition or ELISA. Toroviruses can be differentiated from coronaviruses by using IEM <ref name="Woode, 1987">Woode, G.N., (1987). '''Breda and Breda-like viruses: diagnosis, pathology and epidemiology. Novel diarrhoea viruses'''., 175-191; ''[Ciba Foundation Symposium 128]''; 23 ref.</ref>. |
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Villus fusion and atrophy and thinning of intestinal wall can be seen on post-mortem. | Villus fusion and atrophy and thinning of intestinal wall can be seen on post-mortem. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
| − | There is no specific treatment. Animals can be supported with fluids to prevent dehydration as a result of the episodes of diarrhoea. Secondary bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. Culture and sensitivity | + | There is no specific treatment. Animals can be supported with fluids to prevent dehydration as a result of the episodes of diarrhoea. Secondary bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. Culture and sensitivity recommended. |
==Control== | ==Control== | ||
Isolation of infected animals and good hygiene and sanitary measures may help reduce the spread of the disease. | Isolation of infected animals and good hygiene and sanitary measures may help reduce the spread of the disease. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
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| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:To Do - CABI review]] |
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Revision as of 16:06, 30 June 2011
Also known as: Torovirus —Torovirus infections — Berne virus— BEV — Breda virus— BRV— Bovine torovirus— BoTV— diarrhea in calves— Equine torovirus—ETV—Prototype Berne virus— Porcine torovirus.
| Scientific Classification | |
|---|---|
| Kingdom | Virus |
| Order | Nidovirales |
| Family | Coronaviridae |
| Genus | Torovirus |
| Species | Toroviruses |
Introduction
Toroviruses are relatively new viruses belonging to the family Coronaviridae. The viruses are enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses that are pleomorphic, 120-140 nm in diameter and are relatively stable in acid or alkaline environment between pH 2.5-10. Toroviruses have been isolated from horses (Equine torovirus, ETV, prototype Berne virus) and calves with diarrhoea (bovine torovirus, BoTV, prototype Breda virus).
Signalment
Host include cattle, zebu, goats, horses, sheep, pigs, lagomorphs, rodents, domestic cats and humans.
Clinical Signs
The disease causes diarrhoea, pyrexia, dehydration, lethargy and depression in all ages of cattle. In calves it causes anorexia, mucoid faeces and the following neurological signs; generalised weakness, paralysis, inability to stand, trembling and sudden death. It can also cause respiratory problems such as laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia. Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk.
In cats, diarrhoea and protruding nictating membranes have been associated with feline torovirus infections.
Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease [1].
Epidemiology
Toroviruses are found in many species but little is known about the transmission or interspecies transmission of the virus. It is presumed that it is spread via the faecal-oral route and spread through subclinical or chronically infected cattle [2]. The Berne virus (BEV) has been found in horses; whereas the Breda virus (BRV) is found in cattle of which there are two serotypes; BRV 1 and 2. Breda virus in cattle can be detected in the dome epithelium and enterocytes of the intestines and differentiate within the epithelial cells of the villi; interrupting the cattles absorptive capacity, although not as dramatically as the rotavirus.
Distribution
Worldwide in cattle and horses.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic methods include a combination of electron microscopy, immuno-electron microscopy (IEM), haemagglutination inhibition or ELISA. Toroviruses can be differentiated from coronaviruses by using IEM [3].
Villus fusion and atrophy and thinning of intestinal wall can be seen on post-mortem.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment. Animals can be supported with fluids to prevent dehydration as a result of the episodes of diarrhoea. Secondary bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. Culture and sensitivity recommended.
Control
Isolation of infected animals and good hygiene and sanitary measures may help reduce the spread of the disease.
References
- ↑ Kroneman, A., Cornelissen, L.A.H.M., Horzinek, M.C., Groot, R.J.de., Egberink, H.F., (1998). Identification and characterization of a porcine torovirus. Journal of Virology, 72(5):3507-3511; 35 ref.
- ↑ Koopmans, M., Horzinek, M.C., (1994). Toroviruses of animals and humans: a review. Advances in Virus Research, 43:233-273; many ref.
- ↑ Woode, G.N., (1987). Breda and Breda-like viruses: diagnosis, pathology and epidemiology. Novel diarrhoea viruses., 175-191; [Ciba Foundation Symposium 128]; 23 ref.
| Toroviruses Learning Resources | |
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Toroviruses Flashcards |