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| − | <big><center>[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO ALIMENTARY - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big> | + | <FlashCard questions="37"> |
| − | <big><center>[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards|'''BACK TO ALIMENTARY FLASHCARDS''']]</center></big>
| + | |q1=What type of gland is the pancreas? |
| − | <big><center>[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO PANCREAS''']]</center></big>
| + | |a1=Tubuloalveolar |
| | + | |l1=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction |
| | + | |q2=From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from? |
| | + | |a2=Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm |
| | + | |l2=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development |
| | + | |q3=Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud? |
| | + | |a3=Ventral |
| | + | |l3=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development |
| | + | |q4=Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into? |
| | + | |a4=Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla |
| | + | |l4=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure |
| | + | |q5=What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas? |
| | + | |a5=Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion |
| | + | |l5=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function |
| | + | |q6=Which ions are present within the secretion of the pancreas? |
| | + | |a6=Bicarbonate and chloride |
| | + | |l6=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function |
| | + | |q7=Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised? |
| | + | |a7=To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine |
| | + | |l7=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function |
| | + | |q8=Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans |
| | + | |a8=Alpha, beta, delta and F cells |
| | + | |l8=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology |
| | + | |q9=What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do? |
| | + | |a9=Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level |
| | + | |l9=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function |
| | + | |q10=What is the function of somatostatin? |
| | + | |a10=It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion |
| | + | |l10=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function |
| | + | |q11=What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion? |
| | + | |a11=Increases it |
| | + | |l11=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon |
| | + | |q12=What effect does glucagon have on body reserves? |
| | + | |a12=Catabolic |
| | + | |l12=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon |
| | + | |q13=Which shape is the horse's pancreas? |
| | + | |a13=Triangular |
| | + | |l13=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Equine |
| | + | |q14=What is the main target tissue of glucagon? |
| | + | |a14=Liver |
| | + | |l14=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon |
| | + | |q15=What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on? |
| | + | |a15=Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue |
| | + | |l15=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon |
| | + | |q16=Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis? |
| | + | |a16=Pyruvate kinase |
| | + | |l16=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon |
| | + | |q17=How does glucagon inactivate this enyme? |
| | + | |a17=Phosphorylation via PKA |
| | + | |l17=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon |
| | + | |q18=What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue? |
| | + | |a18=Increases β oxidation of fatty acids |
| | + | |l18=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon |
| | + | |q19=What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle? |
| | + | |a19=Increases the rate of protein catabolism |
| | + | |l19=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon |
| | + | |q20=How may ketosis occur during fasting? |
| | + | |a20=The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies |
| | + | |l20=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon |
| | + | |q21=Describe the structure of insulin. |
| | + | |a21=A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges |
| | + | |l21=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin |
| | + | |q22=Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released. |
| | + | |a22=Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin |
| | + | |l22=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin |
| | + | |q23=How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle? |
| | + | |a23=It causes expression of GLUT 4 |
| | + | |l23=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin |
| | + | |q24=What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate? |
| | + | |a24=Increases it in all cells |
| | + | |l24=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin |
| | + | |q25=What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus? |
| | + | |a25=Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria |
| | + | |l25=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus |
| | + | |q26=What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs? |
| | + | |a26=β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism |
| | + | |l26=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus |
| | + | |q27=How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have? |
| | + | |a27=One, the pancreatic duct |
| | + | |l27=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore |
| | + | |q28=In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice? |
| | + | |a28=Ruminants |
| | + | |l28=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminants |
| | + | |q29=What are the two types of diabetes in cats? |
| | + | |a29=IDDM and NIDDM |
| | + | |l29=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus |
| | + | |q30=What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas? |
| | + | |a30=Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe) |
| | + | |l30=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin |
| | + | |q31=Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion? |
| | + | |a31=CCK, secretin and gastrin |
| | + | |l31=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation |
| | + | |q32=Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into? |
| | + | |a32=Pancreatoduodenal |
| | + | |l32=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics |
| | + | |q33=Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas. |
| | + | |a33=Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen |
| | + | |l33=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology |
| | + | |q34=What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells? |
| | + | |a34=Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes |
| | + | |l34=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology |
| | + | |q35=Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin? |
| | + | |a35=δ cells |
| | + | |l35=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology |
| | + | |q36=Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits? |
| | + | |a36=Mesoduodenum |
| | + | |l36=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore |
| | + | |q37=In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger? |
| | + | |a37=Accessory |
| | + | |l37=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore |
| | + | </FlashCard> |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | | + | [[Category:Alimentary System Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards]] |
| − | | + | [[Category:Endocrine System Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards]] |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
| + | [[Category:Pancreas Flashcards]] |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What type of gland is the pancreas?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Tubuloalveolar'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Ventral'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Which ions are present withtin the secretion of the pancreas?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Bicarbonate and chloride'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Alpha, beta, delta and F cells'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the function of somatostatin?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Increases it'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on body reserves?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Catabolic'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the main target tissue of glucagon?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Liver'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Pyruvate kinase'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How does glucagon inactivate this enyme?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Phosphorylation via PKA'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Increases β oxidation of fatty acids'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Increases the rate of protein catabolism'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How may ketosis occur during fasting?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Describe the structure of insulin.'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released.'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''It causes expression of GLUT 4'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Increases it in all cells'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the two types of diabetes in cats?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''IDDM and NIDDM'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe)'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''CCK, secretin and gastrin'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Pancreatoduodenal'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas.'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''δ cells'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Mesoduodenum'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Accessory'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''One, the pancreatic duct'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Ruminants'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminants|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Which shape is the horse's pancreas?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Triangular'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Equine|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |}
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | <big><center>[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO PANCREAS''']]</center></big>
| |
| − | <big><center>[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO ALIMENTARY - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big>
| |
| − | <big><center>[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards|'''BACK TO ALIMENTARY FLASHCARDS''']]</center></big>
| |