Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards
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| Question | Answer | Article | |
| What type of gland is the pancreas? | Tubuloalveolar
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| From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from? | Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm
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| Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud? | Ventral
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| Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into? | Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla
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| What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas? | Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion
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| Which ions are present within the secretion of the pancreas? | Bicarbonate and chloride
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| Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised? | To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine
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| Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans | Alpha, beta, delta and F cells
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| What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do? | Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level
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| What is the function of somatostatin? | It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
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| What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion? | Increases it
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| What effect does glucagon have on body reserves? | Catabolic
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| Which shape is the horse's pancreas? | Triangular
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| What is the main target tissue of glucagon? | Liver
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| What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on? | Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
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| Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis? | Pyruvate kinase
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| How does glucagon inactivate this enyme? | Phosphorylation via PKA
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| What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue? | Increases β oxidation of fatty acids
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| What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle? | Increases the rate of protein catabolism
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| How may ketosis occur during fasting? | The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies
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| Describe the structure of insulin. | A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges
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| Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released. | Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin
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| How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle? | It causes expression of GLUT 4
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| What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate? | Increases it in all cells
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| What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus? | Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria
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| What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs? | β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism
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| How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have? | One, the pancreatic duct
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| In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice? | Ruminants
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| What are the two types of diabetes in cats? | IDDM and NIDDM
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| What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas? | Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe)
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| Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion? | CCK, secretin and gastrin
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| Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into? | Pancreatoduodenal
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| Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas. | Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen
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| What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells? | Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes
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| Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin? | δ cells
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| Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits? | Mesoduodenum
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| In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger? | Accessory
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