Difference between revisions of "Ascaridia - Poultry Flashcards"

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(Created page with "<FlashCard questions="14"> |q1=Name the virus that causes avian encephalomyeltits (AE)? |a1=Avian encephalomyelitis-like virus 1 (AEV). |l1=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction |...")
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<FlashCard questions="20">
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<FlashCard questions="14">
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|q1=What species of ''Ascaridia'' affect poultry?
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|q1=Name the virus that causes avian encephalomyeltits (AE)?
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|a1=
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|a1=Avian encephalomyelitis-like virus 1 (AEV).
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*''A. galli''
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|l1=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction
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*''A. compar''
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|q2= Is avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) an RNA or DNA virus?
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*''A. dissimilis''
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|a2= AEV is a single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus
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*''A. columbae''
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|l2=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction
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|l1=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction
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|q3= What genus does AEV belong to?
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|q2=What part of the GI tract can these ''Ascaridia''  be found in?
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|a3= Hepatovirus
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|a2=
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|l3=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction
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The small intestine.
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|q4= What family does the virus belong to?
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|l2=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction
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|a4=Picornaviridae
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|q3=What effect do these parasites have on poultry?
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|l4=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction
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|a3=
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|q5= What are the main economic concerns for breeders and layers about AE?
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*Haemorrhagic enteritis
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|a5=  
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*Heavy infections, cause partial or total obstruction of the duodenum/jejunum.
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*Temporary decrease in egg production in laying hens
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|l3=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction
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*Decrease in egg hatchability
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|q4=Does the male or female ''Ascaridia'' tend to be bigger?
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*Neurological disease and morbidity /mortality of chicks under three weeks of age
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|a4=
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*Surviving chicks are considered unlikely to be profitable
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Females are bigger as they range from 72 to 116 mm in length; whereas males only range from 51 to 76 mm in length.
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|l5=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction
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|l4=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction
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|q6= How is AE spread and what is its epidemiology?
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|q5=What distinguishing properties do males have?
 
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|a5=
 
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*Pre-anal suckers
 
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*Two equal spicules (1-2.4 mm long)
 
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|l5=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction
 
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|q6=Where is the opening to the females reproductive organs?
 
 
|a6=
 
|a6=
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In the middle of the body.
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*Horizontally via faecal-oral route (main route of infection)
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|l6=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction
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*Vertical transmission from infected layer to their chicks
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|q7=What is the main host for ''A. galli''?
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*The virus replicates in the epithial cells of the alimentary tract and is circulated in the bloodstream to other organs and the central nervous system (CNS). The virus is shed within 3 days of oral ingestion and in young chicks can continue to be shed for over two weeks. Shedding ceases once specific antibody's are produced.
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|a7=
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|l6= Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction
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Chickens, but it can also infect:
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|q7= What species of birds does AE affect?
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*Turkeys
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|a7=  
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*Geese
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*Chickens (main domestic host)
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*Guinea fowl
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*Species of partridge
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*Wild birds
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*Turkey
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|l7=Ascaridia - Poultry#Signalment
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*Quail
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|q8=What species of bird does ''A. dissimilis'' infect?
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*Guineafowl
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|a8=
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*Pheasants
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Turkeys
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|l7= Avian Encephalomyelitis#Signalment
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|l8=Ascaridia - Poultry#Signalment
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|q8=What are the clinical signs of AE?
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|q9=What species of bird does ''A. columbae'' infect?
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|a8= AE causes the most serious disease in chicks under 3 weeks of age.  The clinical signs for this age group are:
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*neurological signs ranging from ataxia, rapid tremor of the head and neck, drooping of the wings, weakness, paralysis, exercise intolerance to blindness and changes in vocalisation.
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*Weight loss, lameness, and unthriftiness
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*Affected chicks sit on their hocks, and cannot move well and many fall over onto their sides
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Laying hens rarely show clinical signs but the virus causes:
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*Temporary reduction (2 weeks) in egg production
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*Decrease in droppings
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*Decrease in hatching rates
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|l8= Avian Encephalomyelitis#Clinical Signs
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|q9= How can AE be diagnosed?
 
|a9=
 
|a9=
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Pigeons
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The following methods have been used to help diagnose Avian Encephalomyelitis (AE):
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|l9=Ascaridia - Poultry#Signalment
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*Virus Neutralization test
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|q10=What are the clinical signs associated with an ''Ascaridia'' infection in poultry?
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*Agar Gel test
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|a10=
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*Embryo Susceptibility test
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*Anorexia
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*Elisa test
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*Diarrhoea
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All of the above tests indicate exposure to AE but not neccessarily a current infection.  
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*Dehydration
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Diagnosis can be confirmed by either histopathology or by virus isolation.  
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*Stunted growth
 
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*Unthriftiness
 
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*Drooping wings
 
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*Ruffled feathers
 
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*Weight loss
 
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*Dullness
 
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*Lethargy
 
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*Misshapened and soft thin shelled eggs
 
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*Anaemia
 
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*Reduced blood sugar levels
 
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*Distended ureters with urates
 
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|l10=Ascaridia - Poultry#Clinical Signs
 
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|q11=At what age in chickens does ''A.galli'' produce more severe clinical signs?
 
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|a11=
 
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Up to 3 months of age, after which the worm burden normally decreases, although it can still be very high.
 
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|l11=Ascaridia - Poultry#Signalment
 
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|q12=What is the distribution of ''Ascaridia'' in poultry?
 
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|a12=
 
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Worldwide
 
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|l12=Ascaridia - Poultry#Distribution
 
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|q13=What type of life cycle does ''A. galli'' have?
 
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|a13=
 
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A direct life cycle
 
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|l13=Ascaridia - Poultry#Epidemiology
 
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|q14=What is the infective stage of the ''Ascaridia'' species?
 
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|a14=
 
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L3 -larval stage within the embryonated egg.
 
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|l14=Ascaridia - Poultry#Epidemiology
 
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|q15=What is meant by the term ''histotropic phase''?
 
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|a15=
 
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This is where the ascaridia embed themselves into the mucosal layer of the intestines after ingestion.
 
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The length of this period before the final maturation has been reported to be between 3 to 54 days.
 
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|l15=Ascaridia - Poultry#Epidemiology
 
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|q16=How long is the prepatent period for ''A. galli''?
 
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|a16=
 
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5-8 weeks
 
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|l16=Ascaridia - Poultry#Epidemiology
 
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|q17=How is ''A. galli'' transmitted?
 
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|a17=
 
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*Mainly through ingestion of embryonated eggs (L3) from contaminated feed or water supplies (faecal oral route)
 
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*Via the egg as the adults migrate through the lumina of the large intestine and cloaca and end up in the oviduct where they are then incorporated into the hen’s egg
 
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*Eating earthworms that have ingested ''A. galli'' eggs
 
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|l17=Ascaridia - Poultry#Epidemiology
 
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|q18=How can ''A. galli'' be diagnosed?
 
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|a18=
 
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*Clinical signs
 
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*Faecal examination
 
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*Post-mortem (PM)- evidence of enteritis/haemorrhagic enteritis, extensive damage to the glandular epithelium, adhesion of the mucosal villi and pressure atrophy from adult worms.  
 
  
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In chronic infections the intestinal wall can become distended as muscle tone is lost.  
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|l9= Avian Encephalomyelitis#Diagnosis
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|l18=Ascaridia - Poultry#Diagnosis
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|q10=What is the distribution of AE?
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|q19=How can ''A. galli'' be treated?
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|a10=Worldwide, the disease has been documented in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America.
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|a19=
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|l10=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Distribution
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In feed treatment with either:
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|q11=What is the treatment for AE?
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*Piperazine salts
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|a11=There is no treatment for chicks infected with avian encephalomyelitis (AE).
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*Levamisole
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|l11=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Treatment
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*Benzimidazole
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|q12=Can chicken and surviving chicks become immune to AEV?
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|l19=Ascaridia - Poultry#Treatment
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|a12=Yes, surviving chicks, infected hens and birds that have been vaccinated will be immune to AE for life.
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|q20=How can you control ''Ascaridia'' infections?
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|l12=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Treatment
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|a20=
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|q13=How many serotypes are there for AEV?
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*Free range systems, young birds can be isolated and put onto ground previously unused by poultry
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|a13=There is only one serotype for the AEV.
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*Rotation of poultry runs
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|l13=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Control
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*Raised feeding and watering stations - reducing faecal-oral transmission
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|q14=How can AE be controlled?
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*Breeding to develop a genetic resistance is being discussed
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|a14=Vaccination of pullets several weeks before they come into lay. There are live and attenuated vaccinations available which can be administered in drinking water or as an eye drop, the latter being more effective. 
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|l20=Ascaridia - Poultry#Control
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|l14=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Control
 
</FlashCard>
 
</FlashCard>
  
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[[Category:CABI Flashcards]]
 
[[Category:CABI Flashcards]]
 
[[Category:Neurological Diseases Flashcards]]
 
[[Category:Neurological Diseases Flashcards]]
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[[Category:Alimentary Diseases Flashcards]]
 

Revision as of 14:14, 1 July 2011

Question Answer Article
Name the virus that causes avian encephalomyeltits (AE)? Link to Article
Is avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) an RNA or DNA virus? Link to Article
What genus does AEV belong to? Link to Article
What family does the virus belong to? Link to Article
What are the main economic concerns for breeders and layers about AE? Link to Article
How is AE spread and what is its epidemiology? Link to Article
What species of birds does AE affect? Link to Article
What are the clinical signs of AE? Link to Article
How can AE be diagnosed? Link to Article
What is the distribution of AE? Link to Article
What is the treatment for AE? Link to Article
Can chicken and surviving chicks become immune to AEV? Link to Article
How many serotypes are there for AEV? Link to Article
How can AE be controlled? Link to Article


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