Difference between revisions of "Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum"
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| − | + | This bacterium is also known as: '''''M. capricolum''''' | |
| + | {{Taxobox | ||
| + | |name = ''Mycoplasma capricolum'' | ||
| + | |phylum = Firmicutes | ||
| + | |class = Mollicutes | ||
| + | |order = Mycoplasmatales | ||
| + | |family = Mycoplasmataceae | ||
| + | |genus = [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma]] | ||
| + | |species = ''M.capricolum'' | ||
| + | |subspecies = ''capricolum'' | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | == Introduction == | ||
| + | ''M.capricolum subsp. capricolum'' is a species of the ''[[Mycoplasmas species - Overview|Mycoplasma]]'' genus. It causes the serious and economically devastating condition in goats and sheep in Africa and Asia called [[Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia]]. The bacterium was previously known as ''Mycoplasm'' F38, before it was renamed according to the species it affected. | ||
| + | ''M. capricolum subsp capricolum'' is a member of the '''''Mycoplasma mycoides'' cluster''' which also includes'' M.capricolum'' subsp.'' capripneumoniae'', [[Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides|''M. mycoides'' subspecies]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | This disease is notifiable to the [http://www.oie.int/ World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Signalment == | ||
| + | A striking feature of CCPP is the host and tissue specificity of the causative agent, as lesions are produced only in goat lungs. Although ''M. capricolum'' subsp. ''capripneumoniae ''is present in high quantities in affected lungs, there is no dissemination to other organs. This may be due to a specific reaction of the lung tissue towards a mycoplasmal component that leads to an exacerbated inflammatory response.<ref> Thiaucourt, F., Bölske, G (1996) '''Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep and goats'''. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des épizooties, 15(4):1397-1414; 69</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Clinical Signs == | ||
| + | The disease causes acute onset pleuropneumonia with pyrexia, weight loss and agalactia. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Diagnosis == | ||
| + | ''M.capricolum'' can be identified by growth inhibition disc tests (GI). This is the simplest and most specific test, but the least sensitive of the tests available. It depends on the direct inhibition of mycoplasma growth on solid media by specific hyperimmune serum, and detects primary surface antigens<ref>Dighero, M. W., Bradstreet, P. C. M., Andrews, B. E (1970) '''Dried paper discs for serological identification of human mycoplasmas'''. J Applied Bacteriology, 33:750-757</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | An 'in the field' diagnostic procedure is the latex agglutination test (LAT) which detects antibodies.<ref> Rurangirwa, F. R., McGuire, T. C., Kibor, A., Chema, S (1987) '''A latex agglutination test for field diagnosis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia'''. Veterinary Record, 121(9):191-193; 11</ref> The sensitised latex beads are stable at 4°C, room temperature and 37°C for over one year. Thus the long shelf-life of the beads at different temperatures makes it possible to prepare large amounts which can be stored until used. The latex agglutination test is an excellent procedure for the diagnosis of CCPP and can be run in two minutes on samples of whole blood or serum, requires no sophisticated equipment or storage facilities and is adaptable to any laboratory or field conditions. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Definite diagnosis is made by the isolation of ''M. capricolum ''subsp. ''capripneumoniae'' from clinical samples, usually lung tissue and may be a long and difficult process. The success of isolation depends primarily on the attention that is given to sample collection. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The direct and indirect [[Immunofluorescence|fluorescent antibody tests]] are among the most effective, simple and rapid serological methods of identification for most Mycoplasma species.<ref> Rosendal, S., Black, F. T (1972) '''Direct and indirect immunofluorescence of unfixed and fixed mycoplasma colonies'''. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica, 80:615-622.</ref> Several forms have been described, the most commonly used one is the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test which is applied to unfixed colonies on agar. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The complement fixation test (CFT) and the indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) are serological methods of diagnosis, as is the [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]. These have varying degrees of efficacy. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Diagnostic systems based on PCR have been developed for the rapid detection, identification and differentiation of members of the ''M. mycoides'' cluster and the specific identification of ''M. capricolum'' subsp. ''capripneumoniae''<ref>Bashiruddin, J. B., Taylor, T. K., Gould, A. R (1994) '''A PCR-based test for the specific identification of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides SC'''. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 6(4):428-434; 14</ref> <ref>Hotzel, H., Sachse, K., Pfützner, H (1996) '''A PCR scheme for differentiation of organisms belonging to the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster'''. Veterinary Microbiology, 49(1/2):31-43; 21</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ==Treatment == | ||
| + | Macrolides, tetracyclines and quinolones are active against this organism. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Control == | ||
| + | There are inactivated vaccines available. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{Learning | ||
| + | |literature= [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Mycoplasma+capricolum%22%29 ''Mycoplasma capricolum'' subsp. ''capricolum'' publications] | ||
| + | |flashcards = [[Mycoplasma capricolum Flashcards|''Mycoplasma capricolum'' Flashcards]] | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | == References == | ||
| + | <references/> | ||
| + | Belton, D., Leach, R. H., Mitchelmore, D. L., Rurangirwa, F. R (1994) '''Serological specificity of a monoclonal antibody to Mycoplasma capricolum strain F38, the agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia'''. Veterinary Record, 134(25):643-646; 21 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cottew, G. S., Brerard, A., DaMassa, A. J (1987) '''Taxonomy of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster'''. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, 23:632-635. | ||
| + | |||
| + | OIE Handistatus, 2002. '''World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2001)'''. Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties. | ||
| + | |||
| + | OIE Handistatus, 2003. '''World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2002)'''. Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties. | ||
| + | |||
| + | OIE Handistatus, 2004. '''World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003)'''. Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties. | ||
| + | |||
| + | OIE, 2005. '''World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004)'''. Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Rodwell, A. W (1982) '''The protein fingerprints of mycoplasmas'''. Review of Infectious Diseases, Supplement 4:8-17. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Rosenbusch, R. F., Minion, F. C (1992) '''Cell envelope:Morphology and Biochemistry'''. In: Maniloff. J., McElhaney, R. N., Finch, L. R., Baseman, J. B. eds. Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis. ''Washington DC, USA: American Society for Microbiology'', 73-77. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Rurangirwa, F. R., McGuire, T. C., Magnuson, N. S., Kibor, A., Chema, S (1987) '''Composition of a polysaccharide from mycoplasma (F-38) recognised by antibodies from goats with contagious pleuropneumonia'''. Research in Veterinary Science, 42(2):175-178; 16 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Rurangirwa, F. R., McGuire, T. C., Musoke, A. J., Kobore, A (1987) '''Differentiation of F38 Mycoplasmas causing contagious caprine pleuropneumonia with a growth-inhibiting monoclonal antibody'''. Infection and Immunity, 55:3219-3220. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Salih, B. A., Rosenbusch, R. F (1983) '''Antibody response to Mycoplasma bovoculi of naturally and experimentally infected calves'''. [Abstract]. Abstracts of Papers presented at the Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, Nov 64:4. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Taylor, T. K., Bashiruddin, J. B., Gould, A. R (1992) '''Relationships between members of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster as shown by DNA probes and sequence analysis'''. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 42(4):593-601; 19 | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:To Do - Steph]] | ||
[[Category:Mycoplasmas]] | [[Category:Mycoplasmas]] | ||
Revision as of 19:29, 8 July 2011
This bacterium is also known as: M. capricolum
| Mycoplasma capricolum | |
|---|---|
| Phylum | Firmicutes |
| Class | Mollicutes |
| Order | Mycoplasmatales |
| Family | Mycoplasmataceae |
| Genus | Mycoplasma |
| Species | M.capricolum |
Introduction
M.capricolum subsp. capricolum is a species of the Mycoplasma genus. It causes the serious and economically devastating condition in goats and sheep in Africa and Asia called Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia. The bacterium was previously known as Mycoplasm F38, before it was renamed according to the species it affected.
M. capricolum subsp capricolum is a member of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster which also includes M.capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, M. mycoides subspecies.
This disease is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE).
Signalment
A striking feature of CCPP is the host and tissue specificity of the causative agent, as lesions are produced only in goat lungs. Although M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae is present in high quantities in affected lungs, there is no dissemination to other organs. This may be due to a specific reaction of the lung tissue towards a mycoplasmal component that leads to an exacerbated inflammatory response.[1]
Clinical Signs
The disease causes acute onset pleuropneumonia with pyrexia, weight loss and agalactia.
Diagnosis
M.capricolum can be identified by growth inhibition disc tests (GI). This is the simplest and most specific test, but the least sensitive of the tests available. It depends on the direct inhibition of mycoplasma growth on solid media by specific hyperimmune serum, and detects primary surface antigens[2]
An 'in the field' diagnostic procedure is the latex agglutination test (LAT) which detects antibodies.[3] The sensitised latex beads are stable at 4°C, room temperature and 37°C for over one year. Thus the long shelf-life of the beads at different temperatures makes it possible to prepare large amounts which can be stored until used. The latex agglutination test is an excellent procedure for the diagnosis of CCPP and can be run in two minutes on samples of whole blood or serum, requires no sophisticated equipment or storage facilities and is adaptable to any laboratory or field conditions.
Definite diagnosis is made by the isolation of M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae from clinical samples, usually lung tissue and may be a long and difficult process. The success of isolation depends primarily on the attention that is given to sample collection.
The direct and indirect fluorescent antibody tests are among the most effective, simple and rapid serological methods of identification for most Mycoplasma species.[4] Several forms have been described, the most commonly used one is the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test which is applied to unfixed colonies on agar.
The complement fixation test (CFT) and the indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) are serological methods of diagnosis, as is the ELISA. These have varying degrees of efficacy.
Diagnostic systems based on PCR have been developed for the rapid detection, identification and differentiation of members of the M. mycoides cluster and the specific identification of M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae[5] [6]
Treatment
Macrolides, tetracyclines and quinolones are active against this organism.
Control
There are inactivated vaccines available.
| Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum Learning Resources | |
|---|---|
 Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions |
Mycoplasma capricolum Flashcards |
References
- ↑ Thiaucourt, F., Bölske, G (1996) Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and other pulmonary mycoplasmoses of sheep and goats. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des épizooties, 15(4):1397-1414; 69
- ↑ Dighero, M. W., Bradstreet, P. C. M., Andrews, B. E (1970) Dried paper discs for serological identification of human mycoplasmas. J Applied Bacteriology, 33:750-757
- ↑ Rurangirwa, F. R., McGuire, T. C., Kibor, A., Chema, S (1987) A latex agglutination test for field diagnosis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. Veterinary Record, 121(9):191-193; 11
- ↑ Rosendal, S., Black, F. T (1972) Direct and indirect immunofluorescence of unfixed and fixed mycoplasma colonies. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica, 80:615-622.
- ↑ Bashiruddin, J. B., Taylor, T. K., Gould, A. R (1994) A PCR-based test for the specific identification of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides SC. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 6(4):428-434; 14
- ↑ Hotzel, H., Sachse, K., Pfützner, H (1996) A PCR scheme for differentiation of organisms belonging to the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Veterinary Microbiology, 49(1/2):31-43; 21
Belton, D., Leach, R. H., Mitchelmore, D. L., Rurangirwa, F. R (1994) Serological specificity of a monoclonal antibody to Mycoplasma capricolum strain F38, the agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. Veterinary Record, 134(25):643-646; 21
Cottew, G. S., Brerard, A., DaMassa, A. J (1987) Taxonomy of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, 23:632-635.
OIE Handistatus, 2002. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2001). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2003. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (dataset for 2002). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, 2004. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE, 2005. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2004). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
Rodwell, A. W (1982) The protein fingerprints of mycoplasmas. Review of Infectious Diseases, Supplement 4:8-17.
Rosenbusch, R. F., Minion, F. C (1992) Cell envelope:Morphology and Biochemistry. In: Maniloff. J., McElhaney, R. N., Finch, L. R., Baseman, J. B. eds. Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis. Washington DC, USA: American Society for Microbiology, 73-77.
Rurangirwa, F. R., McGuire, T. C., Magnuson, N. S., Kibor, A., Chema, S (1987) Composition of a polysaccharide from mycoplasma (F-38) recognised by antibodies from goats with contagious pleuropneumonia. Research in Veterinary Science, 42(2):175-178; 16
Rurangirwa, F. R., McGuire, T. C., Musoke, A. J., Kobore, A (1987) Differentiation of F38 Mycoplasmas causing contagious caprine pleuropneumonia with a growth-inhibiting monoclonal antibody. Infection and Immunity, 55:3219-3220.
Salih, B. A., Rosenbusch, R. F (1983) Antibody response to Mycoplasma bovoculi of naturally and experimentally infected calves. [Abstract]. Abstracts of Papers presented at the Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, Nov 64:4.
Taylor, T. K., Bashiruddin, J. B., Gould, A. R (1992) Relationships between members of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster as shown by DNA probes and sequence analysis. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 42(4):593-601; 19