|
|
| (11 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{OpenPagesTop}}
| + | [[Category:To Do - CABI]] |
| − | {{Podcasts
| |
| − | |link = https://bloomsbury.mediacore.tv/podcasts/wikivet-english/streptococcosis-in-fish}}
| |
| − | Also known as: '''''Red Boil Disease'''''
| |
| − | | |
| − | Caused by: '''''Streptococcus iniae''
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Introduction==
| |
| − | Streptooccosis in fish is most commonly caused by the '''gram positive, facultative anaerobe [[Bacteria|bacterium]]''', ''Streptococcus iniae''. It does not fit any Lancefield serotype groups but is '''beta-haemolytic on blood agar'''. Other species may be involved including ''[[Enterococcus faecalis|S. faecalis]], E. seriolicida, S. faecium, S. difficile, S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. agalactiae''.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ''S. iniae'' has also been identified as an '''emerging human pathogen producing soft tissue infections''' in people.<ref>Fuller, J. D., Bast, D. J., Nizet, V., Low, D. E., de Azavedo, J. C (2001) '''Streptococcus iniae virulence is associated with a distinct genetic profile'''. ''Infection and Immunity'', 69</ref> The risk is mainly to direct handlers of infected fish and is not thought to be food-borne.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Distribution==
| |
| − | Korea, Japan, Israel, Iran, Bahrain, South Africa, USA, Australia, Italy and Spain.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Signalment==
| |
| − | There are reports of streptococcosis in '''marine, brackish and freshwater''' fish. It can also affect dolphins.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Infection appears during the '''Summer''' in periods of warmer water temperatures.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Other predisposing factors include high stocking density and stressors.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Clinical Signs==
| |
| − | ''S. iniae'' causes '''meningoencephalitis, systemic septicaemia and subsequent mortalities''' in fish, particularly cultured species.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Affected fish display '''bilateral [[Exopthalmos - Fish|exopthalmos]] and distension of the eyes''' giving their heads a strange shape. Internal and external '''haemorrhages may be grossly visible and skin is often darkened'''. Fish are lethargic, anorexic, stop feeding and they '''swim listlessly'''.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Diagnosis==
| |
| − | Diagnosis is usually based upon clinical signs and histopathological findings.
| |
| − | | |
| − | The bacterium grows very well on '''brain-heart infusion agar, nutrient agar, blood agar and Todd-Hewitt agar'''. It can then be biochemically characterised by '''[[fluorescent antibody testing]] (FA) or PCR.'''
| |
| − | | |
| − | Histopathologically, '''meningitis and panopthalmitis with cellular infiltration''' of the eye is evident.
| |
| − | | |
| − | On necropsy, '''exopthalmia is evident, petechiation''' common on the inside of the opercula and congestion of the pectoral and caudal fins and mouth. '''Ascites, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and organ congestion''' are often noted.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Clinical signs and pathology are very similar to those of enterococcal infection.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Treatment==
| |
| − | '''Amoxycillin, Erythromycin and Oxytetracycline''' can be used but resistance is a problem with all except erythromycin.
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Vaccination''' can also be used as a treatment.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Control==
| |
| − | A '''vaccine, administered intraperitoneally''' is available, derived from '''formalin killed whole cells''' but provides only short-term protection for '''6 months'''.
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{Learning
| |
| − | |flashcards = [[Streptococcosis in Fish Flashcards]]
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==References==
| |
| − | <references/>
| |
| − | Salati, F. 2011. '''''Enterococcus seriolicida'' and ''Streptococcus spp''. (''S. iniae, S. agalactiae'' and ''S. dysgalactiae'')'''. In: '''Fish Diseases and Disorders Volume 3''': Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections (eds. P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno), ''CABI'', Walingford, UK, pp 375-396.
| |
| − | {{CABI source
| |
| − | |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=63336&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Streptococcus iniae''] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=63343&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 streptococcosis in fish caused by ''Streptococcus iniae'']
| |
| − | |date =13 July 2011
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | <br><br>
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{Patrick Woo
| |
| − | |date = 24 August 2011}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{OpenPages}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Zoonoses]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Fish Diseases]]
| |