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| − | |link = https://bloomsbury.mediacore.tv/podcasts/wikivet-english/vibriosis-in-fish}}
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| − | Also known as: '''''Cold-Water Vibriosis — Haemorrhagic Syndrome — Hitra Disease — Red Pest of Eels — Vibrio infections in fish'''''
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| − | ==Introduction==
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| − | Vibriosis is one of the '''most prevalent fish diseases''' and is caused by bacteria belonging to the genus ''Vibrio''. One of the most important strain is '''''Vibrio anguillarum''''' which is of major importance to '''salmonid fish''' culture industry and is also known as '''Red pest of eels'''. It is a gram negative curved and rod shaped bacterium with a single polar flagellum. Other species (e.g. ''V. salmonicida'') may have numerous polar flagella. ''V. anguillarum'' has been divided into two separate biotypes of which ''V. anguillarum biotype II'' has been renamed and classified as a new species ''Vibrio ordalii''. It causes '''haemorrhagic septicaemia and leucopenia'''.
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| − | Other members of the genus ''Vibrio'' have been associated with vibriosis outbreaks in fish and shellfish (molluscs and crustacean) and these include: ''V. salmonicida'', ''V. damsela'', ''V. vulnificus ''biotype II, ''V. tubiashii'', ''V. carchariae'', ''V. splendidus'' and ''V. pelagius''.
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| − | ==Signalment==
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| − | ''Vibrio anguillarum'' is found in '''cultured and wild marine fish''' in shallow salt or brackish water during late summer. The pathogen was thought to be spread by contact with scavenging wild fish feeding around the farms but '''''V. anguillarum''''', has been '''found in the food of cultured and wild healthy fish'''<ref name="Frerichs and Roberts, 1989">Frerichs, G.N., Roberts, R.J., (1989) '''The bacteriology of teleosts.''' In: Roberts RJ, ed. ''Fish Pathology''. London: Baillière Tindall, 289-319.</ref>.
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| − | Outbreaks of vibriosis have been seen in Pacific and Atlantic salmon, Trout, Turbot, Striped bass, Winter flounder, Cod, Red sea-bream, European and Japanese eel, Saithe (Pollachius Virens), Gilthead sea-bream, Sea mullet, Seriola, Channel catfish, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkfish/ Milkfish], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayu/ Ayu], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia/ Tilapia].
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| − | It can also affect molluscs and crustacean including European and Japanese oyster, clam, lobster and shrimp.
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| − | Disease '''outbreaks''' can be '''influenced''' by '''water quality''' and '''temperature''', the '''strain''' and virulence of the ''Vibrio'' bacteria and the amount of '''stress''' imposed upon the fish.
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| − | Other species of ''Vibrio'' affect a wide range of species for example ''V. salmonicida'' mainly affects Alantic salmon and trout and causes cold water vibriosis, ''V. damsela'' affects [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromis_punctipinnis/ Blacksmith species (''Chromis punctipinnis'')], ''V. vulnificus'' also known as ''V. anguillicidacuases'' causes disease in eels.
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| − | Both '''''V. vulnificus''''' and '''''V. damsela''''' are '''zoonotic'''. It is thought that the infection is caused from '''eating contaminated raw or undercooked seafood''', in particular '''raw oysters'''. '''Immunocompromised''' and people with '''liver diseases''' are at '''increased risk'''.
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| − | ==Clinical Signs==
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| − | Clinical signs of vibriosis are '''haemorrhage''' to intestines, body cavity, spleen and muscle, '''distended mucoid and necrotic intestine''' and petechiation, erosion and '''darkended colouration''' to the '''skin''' and '''fins'''. Changes to the eyes include '''distension and cloudiness and periorbital swelling'''. White/grey lesions can be found on the intestines and spleen and '''in fry, splenomegaly''' can be seen.
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| − | ''V. damsela'' and ''V.vulnificus'' cause '''severe, progressive necrotizing infection in humans'''.
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| − | ==Distribution==
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| − | '''Asia, North America''' and '''Europe''' including outbreaks in the '''UK'''.
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | Presumptive diagnosis can be made from clinical signs especially characteristic red spots, swollen and dark lesions on the skin that bleed and ophthalmic changes; although some acute and severe cases die without clinical signs. With ''V.anguillarum'' more '''severe pathology''' is seen in the '''descending gastrointestinal tract''' as the conditions become more alkaline. Most tissues are septic with no evidence of phagocytosis.
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| − | Identification methods include a '''culture medium for presumptive identification, a sensitivity assay to filter discs impregnated with a saturated solution of the vibriostatic agent 0/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylteridine), nitrate reduction, presence of oxidase, catalase and arginine decarboxylase, reaction with monoclonal antibodies and antiflagellar antiserum, and hybridization with specific 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) oligonucleotides'''<ref name="Shewan et al., 1954">Shewan, J., Hodgkiss, W., Liston, J., (1954) '''A method for the rapid differentiation of certain non-pathogenic asporogenous bacilli.''' ''Nature'', 173:208-209.</ref> <ref name="Larsen, 1983">Larsen, J.L., (1983) '''''Vibrio anguillarum'': a comparative study of fish pathogenic, environmental, and reference strains.''' ''Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica'', 24(4):456-476.</ref><ref name="Tassin et al., 1983">Tassin, M.G., Siebling, R.J., Roberts, N.C., Larson, A.D., (1983) '''Presumptive identification of ''Vibrio'' species with H antiserum.''' ''Journal of Clinical Microbiology'', 18:400-407.</ref><ref name="Rehnstam et al., 1989">Rehnstam, A.S., Norqvist, A., Wolf-Watz, H., Hagström, Å., (1989) '''Identification of ''Vibrio anguillarum'' in fish by using partial 16S RNA sequences and a specific 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probe.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 55(8):1907-1910.</ref> <ref name="Alsina et al., 1994">Alsina, M., Picado-Martinez, J., Jofre, J., Blanch, A.R., (1994) '''A medium for presumptive identification of ''Vibrio anguillarum''.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 60:1681-1683.</ref><ref name="Martinez-Picado et al., 1994">Martínez-Picado, J., Blanch, A.R., Jofre, J., (1994) '''Rapid detection and identification of ''Vibrio anguillarum'' by using a specific oligonucleotide probe complementary to 16S rRNA.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 60(2):732-737.</ref>. '''''Vibrio'' species''' can be '''identified using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)'''.
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| − | '''''V. vulnificus''''' can be identified using an [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] for the haemolysin and PCR. Pathology for '''''V. ordalii''''' tends to be more localised to the muscle and areas of the salmonid skin, but can also be found in loose connective tissue of the gills, throughout the GI tract and in the pyloric caeca.
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| − | '''''V. salmonicida''''' also known as '''haemorrhagic syndrome''', show haemorrhaging in the integument surrounding the internal organs and the fish are anaemic and fry show splenamegaly, cataracts and cranial haemorrhage. Whereas '''''V. damsela''''' shows mainly ulcerations from 0.5-2cm in diameter and are characterised by muscle lysis and histiocytes within the dermis and skeletal muscle of ''Chromis punctipinnis''<ref name="Love et al., 1981">Love, M., Teebken-Fisher, D., Hose, J.E., Farmer, J.J., Hickman, F.W., Fanning, G.R., (1981) '''''Vibrio damsela'', a marine bacterium, causes skin ulcers on the damselfish ''Chromis punctipinnis''.''' ''Science'', USA, 214(4525):1139-1140.</ref>.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | Fish can be treated with '''ampicillin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid derivatives, nitrofurans, sulphonamides''' and '''trimethoprim'''. Drug resistant strains have appeared because of extensive use of these chemicals.
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| − | ==Control==
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| − | A '''formalin-killed ''V. anguillarium'' vaccine''' is available and can be administered via intraperitoneal injection, immersion or oral administration.
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |flashcards = [[Vibriosis in Fish Flashcards]]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <references/>
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| − | Actis, L.A., Tolmasky, M.E. and Crosa, J.H. (2011). '''Vibriosis.''' In: '''Fish Diseases and Disorders, Volume 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections,''' 2nd edition (eds. Woo, P.T.K. and Bruno, D.W.), ''CABI'', Wallingford, UK. pp. 570-605.
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| − | {{CABI source
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| − | |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=59324 vibriosis in fish]
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| − | |date = 10 July 2011
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| − | <br><br>
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| − | {{Patrick Woo
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| − | |date = 31 August 2011
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| − | [[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
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| − | [[Category:Fish Diseases]]
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| − | [[Category:Zoonoses]]
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