Difference between revisions of "Uterine Cysts - Horses"

Revision as of 19:45, 25 July 2011

THIS ARTICLE IS IN PROGRESS

Also Known As – Endometrial cysts – Glandular cysts – Lymphatic lacunar cysts

Introduction

There are two types of uterine cyst recognised in the horse:

1) Endometrial glandular cysts – 5-10mm in size and the result of fibrosis around endometrial glands.

2) Lymphatic lacuna cysts – >1cm in diameter, can be several cm, caused by lymphangiectasia.

Uterine cysts can complicate pregnancy diagnosis, particularly when scanning for [Twin Pregnancies – Horses|twin pregnancies]]

Distribution

Signalment

Mare older than 11 years of age are most likely to have cysts.^[1]

Clinical Signs

Significance of uterine cysts is often difficult to assess due to many contributing factors on fertility.

Pregnancy loss is usually between 22 and 44 days of gestation, due to interference with embryo mobility and maternal recognition of pregnancy.^[1]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is usually made by rectal palpation or trans-rectal ultrasound scanning. Ultrasonographically, cysts appear as fluid filled cavities that may be spherical or long and oval in shape and may be septated into cavities.^[2]

Hysteroscopy can also be used and is particularly useful for very small cysts.

Cysts must be differentiated from twin pregnancies when ultrasound scanning pregnant mares. If any doubt is present, the mare should be rescanned after 2-3 days, after which time a conceptus would have undergone a detectable increase in size and likely also changed location if during the motile phase. Mapping cyst locations prior to breeding is very useful.

Treatment

Multiple treatment modalities are described for uterine cysts including mechanical curettage, manual rupture by hand or via endometrial biopsy forceps, hysteroscopic rupture using forceps, electrocoagulation and laser ablation. All have been used with success and availability of equipment, personnel and cyst size should be used to determine which modality is most appropriate.

Control

Uterine Cysts - Horses Learning Resources
Flashcards Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions	Uterine Cysts in Horses Flashcards

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Samper, J. C., Pycock, J. F., McKinnon, A. O (2007) Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction, Elsevier Health, pp 121-125.
↑ Kähn, W., Volkmann, D (200) Veterinary Reproductive Ultrasonography:Horse, Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Dog, Cat. Schlűterche, Hannover, p79

Haskell, S (2008) Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult:Ruminant. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, p.

Lavoie, J-P., Hinchcliff, K. W (2008) Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Equine 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp.

Merck Veterinary Manual, , accessed online 24/07/2011 at

[Samper-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Samper, J. C., Pycock, J. F., McKinnon, A. O (2007) Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction, Elsevier Health, pp 121-125.

[2] Kähn, W., Volkmann, D (200) Veterinary Reproductive Ultrasonography:Horse, Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Dog, Cat. Schlűterche, Hannover, p79

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{OpenPagesTop}}
+THIS ARTICLE IS IN PROGRESS
-Also Known As: '''''Endometrial cysts — Glandular cysts — Lymphatic lacunar cysts'''''
+Also Known As –  Endometrial cysts – Glandular cysts – Lymphatic lacunar cysts
 ==Introduction==
-Uterine cysts are a '''common''' clinical and incidental finding in mares.
-There are '''two types of uterine cyst recognised in the horse''':
-# '''Endometrial glandular cysts''' – 5-10mm in size and the result of fibrosis around endometrial glands.
+There are two types of uterine cyst recognised in the horse:
-# '''Lymphatic lacunar cysts''' – >1cm in diameter, can be several cm, caused by [[lymphangiectasia]].
+) Endometrial glandular cysts – 5-10mm in size and the result of fibrosis around endometrial glands.
+) Lymphatic lacuna cysts – >1cm in diameter, can be several cm, caused by lymphangiectasia.
-'''Endometrial''' cysts can be located '''centrally''' and luminally at the bifurcation or may be within the '''uterine body''' where they can be '''luminal or extraluminal'''. Smaller cysts are often luminal while large ones often form extraluminally from blocked lymphatic channels.<ref name="Gary">England, G. C. W (2005) '''Fertility & Obstetrics in the Horse 3rd ed.''' ''Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford''</ref>
+Uterine cysts can complicate pregnancy diagnosis, particularly when scanning for [Twin Pregnancies – Horses|twin pregnancies]]
-Uterine cysts can '''complicate pregnancy diagnosis''', particularly when scanning for [[Twin Pregnancies - Horses|twin pregnancies]].
+==Distribution==
 ==Signalment==
-Mare '''older than 11 years of age''' are most likely to have cysts.<ref name="Samper">Samper, J. C., Pycock, J. F., McKinnon, A. O (2007) '''Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction''', ''Elsevier Health'', pp 121-125.</ref>
+Mare older than 11 years of age are most likely to have cysts.<ref name=Samper>Samper, J. C., Pycock, J. F., McKinnon, A. O (2007) '''Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction''', ''Elsevier Health'', pp 121-125.</ref>
 ==Clinical Signs==
-Significance of uterine cysts is often difficult to assess due to many contributing factors on fertility. Presence of cysts is very common and '''small endometrial cysts are generally of no clinical significance'''<ref name="Gary" />
+Significance of uterine cysts is often difficult to assess due to many contributing factors on fertility.
-Large cysts or many in a single area may '''prevent mobility of the embryo''' and thus result in '''failure of [[Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy - Anatomy & Physiology|maternal recognition of pregnancy]], thus the mare will return to [[Oestrus Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|oestrus]]''' after ~21 days.
-Numerous cysts can also result in '''early embryonic death,''' usually between '''22 and 44 days of gestation''',<ref name= "Samper" /> possibly due to interference with '''placentation.'''
-Multiple small cysts have also been observed in mares with '''chronic, infiltrative [[Endometritis - Horse|endometritis]]''', which carry a hopeless reproductive progonosis.<ref name="Gary" />
+Pregnancy loss is usually between 22 and 44 days of gestation, due to interference with embryo mobility and [[Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy|maternal recognition of pregnancy]].<ref name= Samper />
 ==Diagnosis==
-Diagnosis is usually made by '''rectal palpation or trans-rectal ultrasound scanning'''. Ultrasonographically, cysts appear as fluid filled cavities that may be '''spherical or long and oval''' in shape and may be septated into cavities.<ref>Kähn, W., Volkmann, D (200) '''Veterinary Reproductive Ultrasonography:Horse, Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Dog, Cat.''' ''Schlűterche, Hannover'', p79</ref>
+Diagnosis is usually made by rectal palpation or trans-rectal ultrasound scanning. Ultrasonographically, cysts appear as fluid filled cavities that may be spherical or long and oval in shape and may be septated into cavities.<ref>Kähn, W., Volkmann, D (200) Veterinary Reproductive Ultrasonography:Horse, Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Dog, Cat. Schlűterche, Hannover, p79</ref>
-'''Hysteroscopy''' can also be used and is particularly useful for very small cysts.
-Cysts must be '''differentiated from [[Twin Pregnancies - Horses|twin pregnancies]]''' when ultrasound scanning pregnant mares. If any doubt is present, the mare should be '''rescanned after 2-3 days''', after which time a conceptus would have undergone a '''detectable increase in size and likely also changed location''' if during the motile phase. '''Mapping cyst locations prior to breeding is very useful.'''
+Hysteroscopy can also be used and is particularly useful for very small cysts.
+Cysts must be differentiated from [[Twin Pregnancies – Horses|twin pregnancies]] when ultrasound scanning pregnant mares. If any doubt is present, the mare should be rescanned after 2-3 days, after which time a conceptus would have undergone a detectable increase in size and likely also changed location if during the motile phase. Mapping cyst locations prior to breeding is very useful.
 ==Treatment==
-Multiple treatment modalities are described for uterine cysts including '''mechanical curettage, manual rupture by hand or via endometrial biopsy forceps, hysteroscopic rupture using forceps, electrocoagulation and laser ablation'''. All have been used with success and availability of equipment, personnel and cyst size should be used to determine which modality is most appropriate.
+Multiple treatment modalities are described for uterine cysts including mechanical curettage, manual rupture by hand or via endometrial biopsy forceps, hysteroscopic rupture using forceps, electrocoagulation and laser ablation. All have been used with success and availability of equipment, personnel and cyst size should be used to determine which modality is most appropriate.
 ==Control==
-As no risk factors other than age have been identified, prevention is impossible.
-The key factor is '''preventing interference with pregnancy diagnosis''', thus pre-breeding trans-rectal ultrasound examination is advised for all mares, particularly those over 10 years of age, to allow mapping of existing cysts. Prudent scanning at pregnancy diagnosis is essential if these records are not available.
 {{Learning
-|flashcards = [[Uterine Cysts in Horses Flashcards]]<br>[[Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine Q&A 07]]
+|flashcards = [[Uterine Cysts in Horses Flashcards]]
 }}
 ==References==
 <references/>
+Haskell, S (2008) Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult:Ruminant. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, p.
-Lavoie, J-P., Hinchcliff, K. W (2008) '''Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Equine 2nd ed'''. ''Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford''
+Lavoie, J-P., Hinchcliff, K. W (2008) Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Equine 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp.
-{{review}}
-{{OpenPages}}
+Merck Veterinary Manual, , accessed online 24/07/2011 at
-[[Category:Expert Review - Horse]] [[Category: Reproductive Diseases - Horse]]
+[[Category:To Do - Steph]] [[Category: Diseases - ]]