Difference between revisions of "Avian Sinusitis"
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
| − | Sinus infection can occur in any '''psittacine''' | + | Sinus infection can occur in any '''psittacine''' with a diet deficient in '''Vitamin A''' but is particularly common in imported grey parrots. |
==Signalment== | ==Signalment== | ||
| − | '''Hypovitaminosis A''' is a nutritional deficiency thought to predispose birds to sinusitis | + | '''Hypovitaminosis A''' is a nutritional deficiency thought to predispose birds to sinusitis. This can occur if the bird is fed and '''all seed diet''', which is '''deficient''' in '''vitamin A''', '''iodine''' and '''calcium''', therefore it is essential that a full dietary history is taken. Vitamin A deficiency causes some cells to differentiate abnormally. This occurs in the sinus, where the epithelial lining degenerates into '''squamous metaplasia'''. This causes the '''mucus to thicken''', thus preventing debris from being flushed out of the sinus. This results in a '''build-up of debris and bacteria''', eventually resulting in infection. This deficiency can also contribute to the development of and '''rhinoliths''', '''abscesses''' and '''conjunctivitis'''. |
==Clinical Signs== | ==Clinical Signs== | ||
| − | Early clinical signs include '''sneezing''', '''proptosis''' and '''clicking'''. Later, '''swelling''' may develop around the '''eyes''' or between the eyes and beak over the frontal signs. Excessive secretion of serous or mucous material from the respiratory mucous membranes is often reported. It is common for the bird to be suffering from concurrent disease such as pneumonia and | + | Early clinical signs include '''sneezing''', '''proptosis''' and '''clicking'''. Later, '''swelling''' may develop around the '''eyes''' or between the eyes and beak over the frontal signs. Excessive secretion of serous or mucous material from the respiratory mucous membranes is often reported. It is common for the bird to be suffering from concurrent disease such as pneumonia and air sacculitis. Respiratory distress may be evident, however this should be observed in a quiet stress-free environment for reliable interpretation. Clinical exam is often better performed under general anaesthesia as the cloana should be examined for any spread of infection. |
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
| − | Clinical signs coupled with the history of a vitamin A deficient diet should be suggestive of sinusitis, however '''needle biopsy''' of the swellings is required to make a '''definitive diagnosis''', as it allows for the differentiation from abscesses. '''Cytology''', '''culture and sensitivity''' should be performed on the aspirated material to determine the presence and nature of infection. The most common infectious organisms are | + | Clinical signs coupled with the history of a vitamin A deficient diet should should be suggestive of sinusitis, however '''needle biopsy''' of the swellings is required to make a '''definitive diagnosis''', as it allows for the differentiation from abscesses. '''Cytology''', '''culture and sensitivity''' should be performed on the aspirated material to determine the presence and nature of infection. The most common infectious organisms are ''Pseudomonas'' and ''Mycoplasma'' species. '''Radiography''' of the skull can also be performed to confirm the presence of sinusitis. |
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
| − | Ideally the bird should be treated with the '''antibiotic 'Baytril'''' | + | Ideally the bird should be treated with the '''antibiotic 'Baytril'''' as it covers the above-mentioned bacteria. Additionally the bird should receive a dose of '''Vitamin A''' by '''intramuscular''' injection. Subsequent dietary supplementation of Vitamin A by feeding '''orange''' and '''dark green vegetables''' is necessary to prevent recurrence of infection. Drainage and flushing of the sinus with antibiotics can be attempted in severe cases but due to the anatomy of the sinuses and the nature of the inspissated pus produced, it is normally unsuccessful. If rhinoliths or choanal abcesses are present they should be removed using a needle or dental instruments. |
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
| − | If the dietary deficiencies are addressed long term then infection is unlikely to | + | If the dietary deficiencies are addressed long term then infection is unlikely to recurr. Therefore, if the bird recovers well from the original episode of sinusitis the prognosis is '''good'''. |
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | + | Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8'' | |
| + | Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine''' ''Manson Publishing Ltd'' | ||
| − | + | Stanford, M (2009) '''Respiratory Disease in Birds''' Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course ''RVC'' | |
| − | + | [[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]] | |
| − | + | [[Category:To Do - Manson attention]] | |
| − | [[Category: | ||
| − | [[Category: | ||
Revision as of 14:39, 2 August 2011
Introduction
Sinus infection can occur in any psittacine with a diet deficient in Vitamin A but is particularly common in imported grey parrots.
Signalment
Hypovitaminosis A is a nutritional deficiency thought to predispose birds to sinusitis. This can occur if the bird is fed and all seed diet, which is deficient in vitamin A, iodine and calcium, therefore it is essential that a full dietary history is taken. Vitamin A deficiency causes some cells to differentiate abnormally. This occurs in the sinus, where the epithelial lining degenerates into squamous metaplasia. This causes the mucus to thicken, thus preventing debris from being flushed out of the sinus. This results in a build-up of debris and bacteria, eventually resulting in infection. This deficiency can also contribute to the development of and rhinoliths, abscesses and conjunctivitis.
Clinical Signs
Early clinical signs include sneezing, proptosis and clicking. Later, swelling may develop around the eyes or between the eyes and beak over the frontal signs. Excessive secretion of serous or mucous material from the respiratory mucous membranes is often reported. It is common for the bird to be suffering from concurrent disease such as pneumonia and air sacculitis. Respiratory distress may be evident, however this should be observed in a quiet stress-free environment for reliable interpretation. Clinical exam is often better performed under general anaesthesia as the cloana should be examined for any spread of infection.
Diagnosis
Clinical signs coupled with the history of a vitamin A deficient diet should should be suggestive of sinusitis, however needle biopsy of the swellings is required to make a definitive diagnosis, as it allows for the differentiation from abscesses. Cytology, culture and sensitivity should be performed on the aspirated material to determine the presence and nature of infection. The most common infectious organisms are Pseudomonas and Mycoplasma species. Radiography of the skull can also be performed to confirm the presence of sinusitis.
Treatment
Ideally the bird should be treated with the antibiotic 'Baytril' as it covers the above-mentioned bacteria. Additionally the bird should receive a dose of Vitamin A by intramuscular injection. Subsequent dietary supplementation of Vitamin A by feeding orange and dark green vegetables is necessary to prevent recurrence of infection. Drainage and flushing of the sinus with antibiotics can be attempted in severe cases but due to the anatomy of the sinuses and the nature of the inspissated pus produced, it is normally unsuccessful. If rhinoliths or choanal abcesses are present they should be removed using a needle or dental instruments.
Prognosis
If the dietary deficiencies are addressed long term then infection is unlikely to recurr. Therefore, if the bird recovers well from the original episode of sinusitis the prognosis is good.
References
Lawton, M (1999) Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds In Practice 1999 21: 76-8
Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine Manson Publishing Ltd
Stanford, M (2009) Respiratory Disease in Birds Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course RVC