Difference between revisions of "Ascaridia - Poultry Flashcards"

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(Created page with "<FlashCard questions="14"> |q1=Name the virus that causes avian encephalomyeltits (AE)? |a1=Avian encephalomyelitis-like virus 1 (AEV). |l1=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction |...")
 
 
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<FlashCard questions="14">
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<FlashCard questions="20">
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|q1=Name the virus that causes avian encephalomyeltits (AE)?
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|q1=What species of ''Ascaridia'' affect poultry?
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|a1=Avian encephalomyelitis-like virus 1 (AEV).
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|a1=
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|l1=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction
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*''A. galli''
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|q2= Is avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) an RNA or DNA virus?
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*''A. compar''
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|a2= AEV is a single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus
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*''A. dissimilis''
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|l2=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction
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*''A. columbae''
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|q3= What genus does AEV belong to?
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|l1=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction
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|a3= Hepatovirus
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|q2=What part of the GI tract can these ''Ascaridia''  be found in?
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|l3=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction
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|a2=
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|q4= What family does the virus belong to?
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The small intestine.
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|a4=Picornaviridae
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|l2=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction
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|l4=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction
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|q3=What effect do these parasites have on poultry?
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|q5= What are the main economic concerns for breeders and layers about AE?
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|a3=
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|a5=  
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*Haemorrhagic enteritis
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*Temporary decrease in egg production in laying hens
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*Heavy infections, cause partial or total obstruction of the duodenum/jejunum.
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*Decrease in egg hatchability
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|l3=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction
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*Neurological disease and morbidity /mortality of chicks under three weeks of age
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|q4=Does the male or female ''Ascaridia'' tend to be bigger?
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*Surviving chicks are considered unlikely to be profitable
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|a4=
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|l5=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction
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Females are bigger as they range from 72 to 116 mm in length; whereas males only range from 51 to 76 mm in length.
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|q6= How is AE spread and what is its epidemiology?
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|l4=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction
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|q5=What distinguishing properties do males have?
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|a5=
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*Pre-anal suckers
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*Two equal spicules (1-2.4 mm long)
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|l5=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction
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|q6=Where is the opening to the females reproductive organs?
 
|a6=
 
|a6=
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*Horizontally via faecal-oral route (main route of infection)
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In the middle of the body.
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*Vertical transmission from infected layer to their chicks
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|l6=Ascaridia - Poultry#Introduction
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*The virus replicates in the epithial cells of the alimentary tract and is circulated in the bloodstream to other organs and the central nervous system (CNS). The virus is shed within 3 days of oral ingestion and in young chicks can continue to be shed for over two weeks. Shedding ceases once specific antibody's are produced.
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|q7=What is the main host for ''A. galli''?
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|l6= Avian Encephalomyelitis#Introduction
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|a7=
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|q7= What species of birds does AE affect?
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Chickens, but it can also infect:
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|a7=  
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*Turkeys
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*Chickens (main domestic host)
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*Geese
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*Species of partridge
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*Guinea fowl
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*Turkey
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*Wild birds
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*Quail
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|l7=Ascaridia - Poultry#Signalment
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*Guineafowl
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|q8=What species of bird does ''A. dissimilis'' infect?
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*Pheasants
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|a8=
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|l7= Avian Encephalomyelitis#Signalment
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Turkeys
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|q8=What are the clinical signs of AE?
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|l8=Ascaridia - Poultry#Signalment
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|a8= AE causes the most serious disease in chicks under 3 weeks of age. The clinical signs for this age group are:
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|q9=What species of bird does ''A. columbae'' infect?
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*neurological signs ranging from ataxia, rapid tremor of the head and neck, drooping of the wings, weakness, paralysis, exercise intolerance to blindness and changes in vocalisation.
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|a9=
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*Weight loss, lameness, and unthriftiness
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Pigeons
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*Affected chicks sit on their hocks, and cannot move well and many fall over onto their sides
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|l9=Ascaridia - Poultry#Signalment
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|q10=What are the clinical signs associated with an ''Ascaridia'' infection in poultry?
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|a10=
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*Anorexia
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*Diarrhoea
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*Dehydration
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*Stunted growth
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*Unthriftiness
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*Drooping wings
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*Ruffled feathers
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*Weight loss
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*Dullness
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*Lethargy
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*Misshapened and soft thin shelled eggs
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*Anaemia
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*Reduced blood sugar levels
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*Distended ureters with urates
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|l10=Ascaridia - Poultry#Clinical Signs
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|q11=At what age in chickens does ''A.galli'' produce more severe clinical signs?
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|a11=
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Up to 3 months of age, after which the worm burden normally decreases, although it can still be very high.
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|l11=Ascaridia - Poultry#Signalment
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|q12=What is the distribution of ''Ascaridia'' in poultry?
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|a12=
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Worldwide
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|l12=Ascaridia - Poultry#Distribution
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|q13=What type of life cycle does ''A. galli'' have?
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|a13=
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A direct life cycle
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|l13=Ascaridia - Poultry#Epidemiology
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|q14=What is the infective stage of the ''Ascaridia'' species?
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|a14=
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L3 -larval stage within the embryonated egg.
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|l14=Ascaridia - Poultry#Epidemiology
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|q15=What is meant by the term ''histotropic phase''?
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|a15=
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This is where the ascaridia embed themselves into the mucosal layer of the intestines after ingestion.
  
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Laying hens rarely show clinical signs but the virus causes:
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The length of this period before the final maturation has been reported to be between 3 to 54 days.
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*Temporary reduction (2 weeks) in egg production
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|l15=Ascaridia - Poultry#Epidemiology
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*Decrease in droppings
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|q16=How long is the prepatent period for ''A. galli''?
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*Decrease in hatching rates
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|a16=
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|l8= Avian Encephalomyelitis#Clinical Signs
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5-8 weeks
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|q9= How can AE be diagnosed?
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|l16=Ascaridia - Poultry#Epidemiology
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|a9=
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|q17=How is ''A. galli'' transmitted?
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The following methods have been used to help diagnose Avian Encephalomyelitis (AE):
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|a17=
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*Virus Neutralization test
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*Mainly through ingestion of embryonated eggs (L3) from contaminated feed or water supplies (faecal oral route)
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*Agar Gel test
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*Via the egg as the adults migrate through the lumina of the large intestine and cloaca and end up in the oviduct where they are then incorporated into the hen’s egg
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*Embryo Susceptibility test
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*Eating earthworms that have ingested ''A. galli'' eggs
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*Elisa test
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|l17=Ascaridia - Poultry#Epidemiology
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All of the above tests indicate exposure to AE but not neccessarily a current infection.
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|q18=How can ''A. galli'' be diagnosed?
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Diagnosis can be confirmed by either histopathology or by virus isolation.  
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|a18=
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*Clinical signs
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*Faecal examination
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*Post-mortem (PM)- evidence of enteritis/haemorrhagic enteritis, extensive damage to the glandular epithelium, adhesion of the mucosal villi and pressure atrophy from adult worms.  
  
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|l9= Avian Encephalomyelitis#Diagnosis
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In chronic infections the intestinal wall can become distended as muscle tone is lost.  
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|q10=What is the distribution of AE?
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|l18=Ascaridia - Poultry#Diagnosis
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|a10=Worldwide, the disease has been documented in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America.
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|q19=How can ''A. galli'' be treated?
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|l10=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Distribution
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|a19=
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|q11=What is the treatment for AE?
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In feed treatment with either:
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|a11=There is no treatment for chicks infected with avian encephalomyelitis (AE).
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*Piperazine salts
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|l11=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Treatment
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*Levamisole
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|q12=Can chicken and surviving chicks become immune to AEV?
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*Benzimidazole
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|a12=Yes, surviving chicks, infected hens and birds that have been vaccinated will be immune to AE for life.
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|l19=Ascaridia - Poultry#Treatment
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|l12=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Treatment
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|q20=How can you control ''Ascaridia'' infections?
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|q13=How many serotypes are there for AEV?
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|a20=
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|a13=There is only one serotype for the AEV.
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*Free range systems, young birds can be isolated and put onto ground previously unused by poultry
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|l13=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Control
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*Rotation of poultry runs
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|q14=How can AE be controlled?
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*Raised feeding and watering stations - reducing faecal-oral transmission
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|a14=Vaccination of pullets several weeks before they come into lay. There are live and attenuated vaccinations available which can be administered in drinking water or as an eye drop, the latter being more effective. 
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*Breeding to develop a genetic resistance is being discussed
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|l14=Avian Encephalomyelitis#Control
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|l20=Ascaridia - Poultry#Control
 
</FlashCard>
 
</FlashCard>
  
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[[Category:CABI Flashcards]]
 
[[Category:CABI Flashcards]]
 
[[Category:Neurological Diseases Flashcards]]
 
[[Category:Neurological Diseases Flashcards]]
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[[Category:Alimentary Diseases Flashcards]]

Latest revision as of 17:14, 16 August 2011

Question Answer Article
What species of Ascaridia affect poultry? Link to Article
What part of the GI tract can these Ascaridia be found in? Link to Article
What effect do these parasites have on poultry? Link to Article
Does the male or female Ascaridia tend to be bigger? Link to Article
What distinguishing properties do males have? Link to Article
Where is the opening to the females reproductive organs? Link to Article
What is the main host for A. galli? Link to Article
What species of bird does A. dissimilis infect? Link to Article
What species of bird does A. columbae infect? Link to Article
What are the clinical signs associated with an Ascaridia infection in poultry? Link to Article
At what age in chickens does A.galli produce more severe clinical signs? Link to Article
What is the distribution of Ascaridia in poultry? Link to Article
What type of life cycle does A. galli have? Link to Article
What is the infective stage of the Ascaridia species? Link to Article
What is meant by the term histotropic phase? Link to Article
How long is the prepatent period for A. galli? Link to Article
How is A. galli transmitted? Link to Article
How can A. galli be diagnosed? Link to Article
How can A. galli be treated? Link to Article
How can you control Ascaridia infections? Link to Article


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