Difference between revisions of "Reproductive Hormones Overview - Anatomy & Physiology"
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
Reproductive hormones often have multiple roles and operate via [[Negative_Feedback_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|negative feedback systems]]. The information below will provide the main reproductive hormones in domestic species and their functions. | Reproductive hormones often have multiple roles and operate via [[Negative_Feedback_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|negative feedback systems]]. The information below will provide the main reproductive hormones in domestic species and their functions. | ||
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==Reproductive Hormones== | ==Reproductive Hormones== | ||
===Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)=== | ===Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)=== | ||
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GnRH-producing neurons are stimulated into production in response to spontaneous rhythms and by sensory impulses from sensory inputs derived from the external environment. Alterations in the internal conditions of the body can also result in altered GnRH production. For example in some species such as the sheep, there is seasonal sexual activity and the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, pituitary and testes interact to regulate functions further along the signalling chain. | GnRH-producing neurons are stimulated into production in response to spontaneous rhythms and by sensory impulses from sensory inputs derived from the external environment. Alterations in the internal conditions of the body can also result in altered GnRH production. For example in some species such as the sheep, there is seasonal sexual activity and the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, pituitary and testes interact to regulate functions further along the signalling chain. | ||
− | + | ====GnRH in Males==== | |
− | + | In males there are between 4-12 GnRH peaks per day. Plasma concentrations of LH peak approximately 10mins post GnRH surge. | |
− | + | ====GnRH in Females==== | |
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+ | ===Leutinising Hormone (LH)=== | ||
+ | LH is a type of glycoprotein that is produced in the '''Anterior Pituitary''' via gonadotroph cells. Their target tissue in the male are '''Leydig cells''' in the testes and in the female their target are '''Theca interna cells''' and '''luteal cells''' within the ovary. In the male LH stimulates testosterone production whilst in the female it stimulates ovulation and the formation of the corpora lutea together with progesterone secretion. | ||
===Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)=== | ===Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)=== | ||
− | FSH is a type of glycoprotein that is produced in the ''' | + | FSH is a type of glycoprotein that is produced in the '''Anterior Pituitary''' via '''gonadotroph cells'''. Their target tissue in males are '''Sertoli cells''' within the testes and in the female '''Granulosa cells''' of the ovary. In the male FSH stimulates the secretion of '''inhibin''' which has a negative feedback directly in the anterior pituitary, whilst in the female it stimulates follicular development and oestradiol synthesis. |
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− | In the male FSH | ||
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===Prolactin (PRL)=== | ===Prolactin (PRL)=== | ||
− | + | PRL is a protein that is produced from the '''Anterior Pituitary''' via '''lactotroph cells'''. In males the target tissues are the testes and the brain whilst in females the target tissue are cells located within the mammary tissues and the corpus luteum in rodents. In the male PRL induces maternal behaviour whilst it also does this in the female together with lactation and ensuring functionality of the corpora lutea in some species. | |
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===Oxytocin (OT)=== | ===Oxytocin (OT)=== | ||
− | OT is a neuropeptide (a octapeptide) which is synthesised in the '''hypothalamus''' and stored in the posterior pituitary. OT is | + | OT is a neuropeptide (a octapeptide) which is synthesised in the '''hypothalamus''' and stored in the posterior pituitary. OT can also be synthesised by the corpus luteum. In males the target tissue for OT is smooth muscle within the epididymal tail, ductus deferens and the ampulla. In females OT targets the uterine myometrium and endometrium together with cells of the mammary glands. In the male OT stimulates PGF2α synthesis and facilitates the pre-ejaculatory movement of spermatozoa. In females, OT stimulates uterine motility and the synthesis of PGF2α from the uterus. It also begins milk 'let-down' or ejection. |
− | + | ===Oestradiol (E<sub>2</sub>)=== | |
− | + | E<sub>2</sub> is a steroid that is produced by the '''granulosa cells''' of a follicle, the placenta and the testes. In males the target tissue is the brain for maturation of the male brain during foetal development. E<sub>2</sub> in the male also inhibits long bone growth. In females the target tissues are the hypothalamus, the entire female reproductive tract and the mammary glands. The primary action of E<sub>2</sub> in males is the appropriate development of male sexual behaviours whilst in females it influences sexual behaviour, GnRH levels, the secretory activity of the reproductive tract and enhances uterine motility. | |
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===Progesterone (P<sub>4</sub>)=== | ===Progesterone (P<sub>4</sub>)=== | ||
− | Progesterone is a steroid hormone that | + | Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is produced by the corpus luteum and the placenta. In males the target tissues are the accessory sex glands, the tunica dartos (scrotum), the seminiferous tubules and skeletal muscles. In females the target tissues are the uterine endometrium, the mammary gland, the myometrium and the hypothalamus. Progesterone results in increased endometrial secretions and inhibits the release of GnRH in females. It also inhibits female reproductive behaviour as well as acting to maintain a pregnancy. Progesterone has no primary action in the male. |
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===Testosterone (T)=== | ===Testosterone (T)=== | ||
− | + | Testosterone is a steroid hormone that is produced in the leydig cells within the testes and also via theca interna cells within follicles. In males the target tissue for testosterone are the anterior pituitary gland, specifically the gonadotroph cells. In females the target tissues are the brain, skeletal muscle and granulosa cells. This is because testosterone acts as a substrate for estradiol. The synthesis of testosterone rather than estradiol can lead to abnormal masculinisation in females. In males the primary action of testosterone is anabolic growth, spermatogenesis promotion and promotion of secretion from the accessory sex glands. | |
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===Inhibin=== | ===Inhibin=== | ||
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− | + | !'''Name of Hormone''' | |
− | + | !'''Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone''' | |
− | + | !'''Leutinizing Hormone''' | |
− | + | !'''Follicle Stimulating Hormone''' | |
− | + | !'''Prolactin''' | |
− | + | !'''Oxytocin''' | |
− | + | !'''Oestradiol''' | |
− | + | !'''Progesterone''' | |
− | + | !'''Testosterone''' | |
− | + | !'''Inhibin''' | |
− | + | !'''Activin''' | |
− | + | !'''Prostaglandin F2α''' | |
− | + | !'''Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin''' | |
− | + | !'''Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin''' | |
− | + | !'''Placental Lactogen''' | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | '''Abbreviation''' | |
− | + | | GnRH | |
− | + | | LH | |
− | + | | FSH | |
− | + | | PRL | |
− | + | | OT | |
− | + | | E2 | |
− | + | | P4 | |
− | + | | T | |
− | + | | | |
− | + | | | |
− | + | | PGF2α | |
− | + | | PGE2 | |
− | + | | hCG | |
− | + | | eCG | |
− | + | | PL | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | '''Biochemical Classification''' | |
− | + | | Neuropeptide (decapeptide) | |
− | + | | Glycoprotein | |
− | + | | Glycoprotein | |
− | + | | Protein | |
− | + | | Neuropeptide (Octapeptide) | |
− | + | | Steroid | |
− | + | | Steroid | |
− | + | | Steroid | |
− | + | | Glycoprotein | |
+ | | Glycoprotein | ||
+ | | Prostaglandin (C20 fatty acid) | ||
+ | | Prostaglandin (C20 fatty acid) | ||
+ | | Glycoprotein | ||
+ | | Glycoprotein | ||
+ | | Protein | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Source''' | ||
+ | | Hypothalamic Surge and Tonic Centres | ||
+ | | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | ||
+ | | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | ||
+ | | Anterior Pituitary (Lactotroph Cells) | ||
+ | | Synthesized in the Hypothalamus, Stored in the Posterior Pituitary, Synthesized by the Corpus Luteum | ||
+ | | Granulosa Cells of Follicle, Placenta and Sertoli Cells of Testes | ||
+ | | Corpus Luteum and Placenta | ||
+ | | Interstitial Leydig Cells of Testes, Theca Interna Cells of the Follicle | ||
+ | | Granulosa Cells (female), Sertoli Cells (male) | ||
+ | | Granulosa Cells (female), Sertoli Cells (male) | ||
+ | | Uterine Endometrium, Vesicular Glands | ||
+ | | Ovary, Uterus, Embryonic Membranes | ||
+ | | Trophoblast Cells of the Blastocyst (Chorion) | ||
+ | | Chorionic Girdle Cells | ||
+ | | Placenta | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Male Target Tissue''' | ||
+ | | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | ||
+ | | Testes (Leydig Cells) | ||
+ | | Testes (Sertoli Cells) | ||
+ | | Testes, Brain | ||
+ | | Smooth Muscle of Epididymal Tail, Ductus Deferens, Ampulla | ||
+ | | Brain, Inhibits Long Bone Growth | ||
+ | | Accessory Sex Glands, Tunica Dartos (Scrotum), Semniferous Epithelium, Skeletal Muscle | ||
+ | | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | ||
+ | | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | ||
+ | | Epididymis | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Female Target Tissue''' | ||
+ | | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | ||
+ | | Ovary (Theca Interna and Luteal Cells) | ||
+ | | Ovary (Granulosa Cells) | ||
+ | | Mammary Cells, Corpus Luteum in Rodents | ||
+ | | Uterine Myometrium and Endometrium, Myoepithelial Cells of Mammary Glands | ||
+ | | Hypothalamus, Entire Tract, Mammary Gland | ||
+ | | Uterine Endometrium, Mammary Gland, Myometrium, Hypothalamus | ||
+ | | Brain, Skeletal Muscle, Granulosa Cells | ||
+ | | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | ||
+ | | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | ||
+ | | Corpus Luteum, Uterine Myometrium, Ovulatory Follicles | ||
+ | | Corpus Luteum, Oviduct | ||
+ | | Ovary | ||
+ | | Ovary | ||
+ | | Mammary Gland | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Male Primary Action''' | ||
+ | | Release of FSH and LH from the Anterior Pituitary Gland | ||
+ | | Stimulates Testosterone Production | ||
+ | | Sertoli Cell Function | ||
+ | | Induce Maternal Behaviour | ||
+ | | PGF2α Synthesis, Pre-Ejaculatory Movement of Spermatozoa | ||
+ | | Sexual Behaviour | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | Anabolic Growth, Promotes Spermatogenesis, Promotes Secretion of Accessory Sex Glands | ||
+ | | Inhibits FSH Secretion | ||
+ | | Stimulates FSH Secretion | ||
+ | | Affects Metabolic Activity of Spermatozoa, Epididymal Contractions | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | Increased Growth of Foetal Testes | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Female Primary Action''' | ||
+ | | Release of FSH and LH from Anterior Pituitary Gland | ||
+ | | Stimulates Ovulation, Formation of Corpora Lutea and Progesterone Secretion | ||
+ | | Follicular Development, Oestradiol Synthesis | ||
+ | | Lactation, Maternal Behaviour, Corpora Lutea Function (some species) | ||
+ | | Uterine Motility, Uterine PGF2α Synthesis, Milk Ejection | ||
+ | | Sexual Behaviour, GnRH, Elevated Secretory Activity of Tract, Enhanced Uterine Motility | ||
+ | | Endometrial Secretion, Inhibits GnRH Release,Inhibits Reproductive Behaviour, Maintenance of Pregnancy | ||
+ | | Substrate For E2 Synthesis, Abnormal Masculinization | ||
+ | | Inhibits FSH Secretion | ||
+ | | Stimulates FSH Secretion | ||
+ | | Luteolysis, Uterine Tone and Contraction, Ovulation | ||
+ | |Ovulation, Corpus Luteum Secretion of Progesterone | ||
+ | | Facilitates Ovarian Production of Progesterone | ||
+ | | Formation of Accessory Corpora Lutea | ||
+ | | Mammary Stimulation | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | {{unfinished}} | |
− | + | [[Category:To Do - A&P]] | |
− | [[Category:To Do - | ||
[[Category:Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology]] | [[Category:Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology]] |
Revision as of 11:41, 25 August 2011
Introduction
Reproductive hormones often have multiple roles and operate via negative feedback systems. The information below will provide the main reproductive hormones in domestic species and their functions.
Reproductive Hormones
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
GnRH is a neuropeptide (a decapeptide) that is produced in the hypothalamic surge and tonic centres. In the male and the female, the target tissue is the anterior pituitary gland, specifically Gonadotroph cells. In males and females, secretion of GnRH results in the release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Leutinising Hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
GnRH-producing neurons are stimulated into production in response to spontaneous rhythms and by sensory impulses from sensory inputs derived from the external environment. Alterations in the internal conditions of the body can also result in altered GnRH production. For example in some species such as the sheep, there is seasonal sexual activity and the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, pituitary and testes interact to regulate functions further along the signalling chain.
GnRH in Males
In males there are between 4-12 GnRH peaks per day. Plasma concentrations of LH peak approximately 10mins post GnRH surge.
GnRH in Females
Leutinising Hormone (LH)
LH is a type of glycoprotein that is produced in the Anterior Pituitary via gonadotroph cells. Their target tissue in the male are Leydig cells in the testes and in the female their target are Theca interna cells and luteal cells within the ovary. In the male LH stimulates testosterone production whilst in the female it stimulates ovulation and the formation of the corpora lutea together with progesterone secretion.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
FSH is a type of glycoprotein that is produced in the Anterior Pituitary via gonadotroph cells. Their target tissue in males are Sertoli cells within the testes and in the female Granulosa cells of the ovary. In the male FSH stimulates the secretion of inhibin which has a negative feedback directly in the anterior pituitary, whilst in the female it stimulates follicular development and oestradiol synthesis.
Prolactin (PRL)
PRL is a protein that is produced from the Anterior Pituitary via lactotroph cells. In males the target tissues are the testes and the brain whilst in females the target tissue are cells located within the mammary tissues and the corpus luteum in rodents. In the male PRL induces maternal behaviour whilst it also does this in the female together with lactation and ensuring functionality of the corpora lutea in some species.
Oxytocin (OT)
OT is a neuropeptide (a octapeptide) which is synthesised in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. OT can also be synthesised by the corpus luteum. In males the target tissue for OT is smooth muscle within the epididymal tail, ductus deferens and the ampulla. In females OT targets the uterine myometrium and endometrium together with cells of the mammary glands. In the male OT stimulates PGF2α synthesis and facilitates the pre-ejaculatory movement of spermatozoa. In females, OT stimulates uterine motility and the synthesis of PGF2α from the uterus. It also begins milk 'let-down' or ejection.
Oestradiol (E2)
E2 is a steroid that is produced by the granulosa cells of a follicle, the placenta and the testes. In males the target tissue is the brain for maturation of the male brain during foetal development. E2 in the male also inhibits long bone growth. In females the target tissues are the hypothalamus, the entire female reproductive tract and the mammary glands. The primary action of E2 in males is the appropriate development of male sexual behaviours whilst in females it influences sexual behaviour, GnRH levels, the secretory activity of the reproductive tract and enhances uterine motility.
Progesterone (P4)
Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is produced by the corpus luteum and the placenta. In males the target tissues are the accessory sex glands, the tunica dartos (scrotum), the seminiferous tubules and skeletal muscles. In females the target tissues are the uterine endometrium, the mammary gland, the myometrium and the hypothalamus. Progesterone results in increased endometrial secretions and inhibits the release of GnRH in females. It also inhibits female reproductive behaviour as well as acting to maintain a pregnancy. Progesterone has no primary action in the male.
Testosterone (T)
Testosterone is a steroid hormone that is produced in the leydig cells within the testes and also via theca interna cells within follicles. In males the target tissue for testosterone are the anterior pituitary gland, specifically the gonadotroph cells. In females the target tissues are the brain, skeletal muscle and granulosa cells. This is because testosterone acts as a substrate for estradiol. The synthesis of testosterone rather than estradiol can lead to abnormal masculinisation in females. In males the primary action of testosterone is anabolic growth, spermatogenesis promotion and promotion of secretion from the accessory sex glands.
Inhibin
Name of Hormone | Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone | Leutinizing Hormone | Follicle Stimulating Hormone | Prolactin | Oxytocin | Oestradiol | Progesterone | Testosterone | Inhibin | Activin | Prostaglandin F2α | Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin | Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin | Placental Lactogen | ||
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Abbreviation | GnRH | LH | FSH | PRL | OT | E2 | P4 | T | PGF2α | PGE2 | hCG | eCG | PL | |||
Biochemical Classification | Neuropeptide (decapeptide) | Glycoprotein | Glycoprotein | Protein | Neuropeptide (Octapeptide) | Steroid | Steroid | Steroid | Glycoprotein | Glycoprotein | Prostaglandin (C20 fatty acid) | Prostaglandin (C20 fatty acid) | Glycoprotein | Glycoprotein | Protein | |
Source | Hypothalamic Surge and Tonic Centres | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | Anterior Pituitary (Lactotroph Cells) | Synthesized in the Hypothalamus, Stored in the Posterior Pituitary, Synthesized by the Corpus Luteum | Granulosa Cells of Follicle, Placenta and Sertoli Cells of Testes | Corpus Luteum and Placenta | Interstitial Leydig Cells of Testes, Theca Interna Cells of the Follicle | Granulosa Cells (female), Sertoli Cells (male) | Granulosa Cells (female), Sertoli Cells (male) | Uterine Endometrium, Vesicular Glands | Ovary, Uterus, Embryonic Membranes | Trophoblast Cells of the Blastocyst (Chorion) | Chorionic Girdle Cells | Placenta | |
Male Target Tissue | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | Testes (Leydig Cells) | Testes (Sertoli Cells) | Testes, Brain | Smooth Muscle of Epididymal Tail, Ductus Deferens, Ampulla | Brain, Inhibits Long Bone Growth | Accessory Sex Glands, Tunica Dartos (Scrotum), Semniferous Epithelium, Skeletal Muscle | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | Epididymis | ||||||
Female Target Tissue | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | Ovary (Theca Interna and Luteal Cells) | Ovary (Granulosa Cells) | Mammary Cells, Corpus Luteum in Rodents | Uterine Myometrium and Endometrium, Myoepithelial Cells of Mammary Glands | Hypothalamus, Entire Tract, Mammary Gland | Uterine Endometrium, Mammary Gland, Myometrium, Hypothalamus | Brain, Skeletal Muscle, Granulosa Cells | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotroph Cells) | Corpus Luteum, Uterine Myometrium, Ovulatory Follicles | Corpus Luteum, Oviduct | Ovary | Ovary | Mammary Gland | |
Male Primary Action | Release of FSH and LH from the Anterior Pituitary Gland | Stimulates Testosterone Production | Sertoli Cell Function | Induce Maternal Behaviour | PGF2α Synthesis, Pre-Ejaculatory Movement of Spermatozoa | Sexual Behaviour | Anabolic Growth, Promotes Spermatogenesis, Promotes Secretion of Accessory Sex Glands | Inhibits FSH Secretion | Stimulates FSH Secretion | Affects Metabolic Activity of Spermatozoa, Epididymal Contractions | Increased Growth of Foetal Testes | |||||
Female Primary Action | Release of FSH and LH from Anterior Pituitary Gland | Stimulates Ovulation, Formation of Corpora Lutea and Progesterone Secretion | Follicular Development, Oestradiol Synthesis | Lactation, Maternal Behaviour, Corpora Lutea Function (some species) | Uterine Motility, Uterine PGF2α Synthesis, Milk Ejection | Sexual Behaviour, GnRH, Elevated Secretory Activity of Tract, Enhanced Uterine Motility | Endometrial Secretion, Inhibits GnRH Release,Inhibits Reproductive Behaviour, Maintenance of Pregnancy | Substrate For E2 Synthesis, Abnormal Masculinization | Inhibits FSH Secretion | Stimulates FSH Secretion | Luteolysis, Uterine Tone and Contraction, Ovulation | Ovulation, Corpus Luteum Secretion of Progesterone | Facilitates Ovarian Production of Progesterone | Formation of Accessory Corpora Lutea | Mammary Stimulation |
This article is still under construction. |