Difference between revisions of "Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit"
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
Congestive heart failure can occur in the rabbit as a result of '''heart disease''', and is characterised by '''volume overload''' which can lead to signs of '''left-sided failure''' (pulmonary oedema and pleural effusion) and/or signs of '''right-sided failure''' (abdominal effusion, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly). | Congestive heart failure can occur in the rabbit as a result of '''heart disease''', and is characterised by '''volume overload''' which can lead to signs of '''left-sided failure''' (pulmonary oedema and pleural effusion) and/or signs of '''right-sided failure''' (abdominal effusion, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly). | ||
Heart diseases implicated include: | Heart diseases implicated include: | ||
| − | : | + | :'''cardiomyopathy''' |
:'''valvular insufficiency''' | :'''valvular insufficiency''' | ||
:infectious causes | :infectious causes | ||
| − | : | + | :arrhythmia |
| − | : | + | :Congenital disease |
==Clinical Signs== | ==Clinical Signs== | ||
| Line 21: | Line 20: | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
| − | If valvular insufficiency is present, a focal '''murmur''' may be | + | If valvular insufficiency is present, a focal '''murmur''' may be heart on thoracic auscultation. |
| + | |||
| + | '''Radiography''' is the best way to diagnose CHF. It may reveal an enlarged heart, pulmonary oedema, pleural effusion. | ||
| − | + | If right-sided failure is present there may be pericardial effusion, ascites, peripheral oedema, hepatomegaly. | |
'''ECG''' may reveal arrhythmias or tachycardia. | '''ECG''' may reveal arrhythmias or tachycardia. | ||
| Line 29: | Line 30: | ||
'''Echocardiography''' is important to diagnose the cause of the congestive heart failure, and may reveal valvular insufficiency or cardiomyopathy. | '''Echocardiography''' is important to diagnose the cause of the congestive heart failure, and may reveal valvular insufficiency or cardiomyopathy. | ||
| − | + | '''Blood pressure measurement''' to diagnose any output failure. | |
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
If the rabbit presents in '''acute failure''', treatment should include: | If the rabbit presents in '''acute failure''', treatment should include: | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | '''Oxygen''': in an oxygen tent or via a facemask, minimising stress. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | '''Diuretics''': frusemide intramuscularly | |
| + | |||
| + | '''Glyceryl trinitrate''' ointment to cause vasodilation | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Thoracocentesis''' if pleural effusion is suspected: drain chest bilaterally placing a butterfly catheter ventrally through the chest wall. Multiple sites should be aspirated. | ||
Prognosis is '''poor''' with acute congestive heart failure as rabbits usually present in the later stages of the condition and do not deal well with stressful situations. | Prognosis is '''poor''' with acute congestive heart failure as rabbits usually present in the later stages of the condition and do not deal well with stressful situations. | ||
| Line 42: | Line 47: | ||
'''Chronic''' treatment for CHF may include: | '''Chronic''' treatment for CHF may include: | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | Regular '''monitoring''' of electrolytes and biochemistry is important during the course of treatment. Monitoring the rabbit's '''weight and eating habits''' is essential to ensure gut function remains adequate. | + | '''Diuretic''': frusemide orally |
| + | |||
| + | '''ACE-inhibitors''': enalapril or benazepril | ||
| + | |||
| + | Positive inotrope: '''digoxin''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Regular '''monitoring''' of electrolytes and biochemistry is important during the course of treatment. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Monitoring the rabbit's '''weight and eating habits''' is essential to ensure gut function remains adequate. | ||
| + | |||
With chronic congestive heart failure, medical management may allow '''survival for months''' before decompensation occurs. | With chronic congestive heart failure, medical management may allow '''survival for months''' before decompensation occurs. | ||
| Line 59: | Line 70: | ||
Bourne, D. (2011) '''Congestive Heart Failure in Rabbits''' ''[http://www.wildlifeinformation.org Wildlife Information Twycross Zoo]'' | Bourne, D. (2011) '''Congestive Heart Failure in Rabbits''' ''[http://www.wildlifeinformation.org Wildlife Information Twycross Zoo]'' | ||
| − | + | [[Category:To Do - Helen]] | |
| − | + | [[Category:To Do - Review]] | |
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Revision as of 13:29, 9 September 2011
Introduction
Congestive heart failure can occur in the rabbit as a result of heart disease, and is characterised by volume overload which can lead to signs of left-sided failure (pulmonary oedema and pleural effusion) and/or signs of right-sided failure (abdominal effusion, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly).
Heart diseases implicated include:
- cardiomyopathy
- valvular insufficiency
- infectious causes
- arrhythmia
- Congenital disease
Clinical Signs
The first signs of heart disease will be a decrease in activity, weight loss, changes in eating habits and breathing difficulties.
Signs of congestive heart failure may include
- dyspnoea: open-mouth breathing, panting, wheezy chest sounds
- tachycardia
- ascites
- peripheral oedema
- cyanotic mucous membranes and arrhythmias
Diagnosis
If valvular insufficiency is present, a focal murmur may be heart on thoracic auscultation.
Radiography is the best way to diagnose CHF. It may reveal an enlarged heart, pulmonary oedema, pleural effusion.
If right-sided failure is present there may be pericardial effusion, ascites, peripheral oedema, hepatomegaly.
ECG may reveal arrhythmias or tachycardia.
Echocardiography is important to diagnose the cause of the congestive heart failure, and may reveal valvular insufficiency or cardiomyopathy.
Blood pressure measurement to diagnose any output failure.
Treatment
If the rabbit presents in acute failure, treatment should include:
Oxygen: in an oxygen tent or via a facemask, minimising stress.
Diuretics: frusemide intramuscularly
Glyceryl trinitrate ointment to cause vasodilation
Thoracocentesis if pleural effusion is suspected: drain chest bilaterally placing a butterfly catheter ventrally through the chest wall. Multiple sites should be aspirated.
Prognosis is poor with acute congestive heart failure as rabbits usually present in the later stages of the condition and do not deal well with stressful situations.
Chronic treatment for CHF may include:
Diuretic: frusemide orally
ACE-inhibitors: enalapril or benazepril
Positive inotrope: digoxin
Regular monitoring of electrolytes and biochemistry is important during the course of treatment.
Monitoring the rabbit's weight and eating habits is essential to ensure gut function remains adequate.
With chronic congestive heart failure, medical management may allow survival for months before decompensation occurs.
| Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit Learning Resources | |
|---|---|
 Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions |
Rabbit Medicine and Surgery Q&A 15 |
References
Girling, S. (2009) Rabbit Medicine and Surgery for Veterinary Nurses Wiley-Blackwell
Bourne, D. (2011) Congestive Heart Failure in Rabbits Wildlife Information Twycross Zoo