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| | + | ==Stages of Parturition== |
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| | + | *Stage 1: this is the preparatory stage, starting at the onset of regular uterine contractions followed by cervical dilatation and the foetus assuming the correct disposition for passage through the birth canal. |
| | + | *Stage 2: the expulsive stage, characterised by the onset of abdominal contractions which together with uterine contractions lead to foetal expulsion |
| | + | *Stage 3: separation and expulsion of the foetal membranes. In polycotous species second and third stages are often inter-mixed. |
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| − | ==Stages of Parturition==
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| | The following table summarises the normal time taken to progress through the stages of parturition in different species. | | The following table summarises the normal time taken to progress through the stages of parturition in different species. |
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| | ===[[Parturition Behaviour - Sow| Sow]] === | | ===[[Parturition Behaviour - Sow| Sow]] === |
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| | + | ===[[Parturition Behaviour - Bitch| Bitch]] === |
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| | + | ===[[Parturition Behaviour - Cat| Cat]] === |
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| − | == Bitch ==
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| − | === Stage 1 ===
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| − | * Lasts ~ 12 hours
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| − | * Prepares the bed
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| − | * If carrying one pup, the onset of lactation coincides with parturition.
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| − | * If carrying multiple pups, milk may be expressed from the teats several days prior to the onset of parturition.
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| − | * Body temperature subnormal by at least 1.2◦C within 24 hours before the onset of labour.
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| − | * Restless
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| − | * Indifferent to food
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| − | * Panting
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| − | === Stage 2 ===
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| − | * Depends upon the number of foetuses, but usually lasts ~6 hours.
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| − | * Straining indicates the onset of the second stage.
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| − | * Bitch remains in her bed in sternal recumbency
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| − | * 'Water bag' of the first foetus appears at the vulva, and attains the size of a golf ball.
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| − | * Bitch licks the vulva vigorously and usually ruptures the 'water bag'.
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| − | * Delivery of the head requires the greates effort, once this is bord the rest of the foetus follows easily.
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| − | * Expulsion of the first foetus may take up to 1 hour.
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| − | * Umbillical cord is intact at birth, the mother will soon bite it away.
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| − | * Bitch rests for a time after the birth of the first puppy.
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| − | ** Lies licking the puppy, which soon begins to suckle.
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| − | ** Pays frequent attention to the vulva and licks any discharge.
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| − | * Foetal membranes generally voided in 10-15 minutes and eaten by the bitch.
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| − | * Straining recommences after a delay of 30 minutes - 2 hours.
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| − | * Effort and time required for subsequent deliveries is usually less than the first.
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| − | * May rest in between subsequent deliveries, but may not. The period of rest is also very variable.
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| − | * Puppies tend to be expelled from alternate horns (unlike the sow).
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| − | * Expulsion of foetal membranes is also irregular, they may come out individually, or the next puppy may be born with the membranes of its predeccessor around its neck.
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| − | === Stage 3 ===
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| − | * Membranes of the last foetus are expelled with it or shortly afterwards.
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| − | * Discharge is dark green in colour.
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| − | ** Due to breakdown of the marginal haematoma, blood pigment biliverdin escapes.
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| − | [[Category:Parturition]][[Category:Reproductive Behaviour]]
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| − | == Cat ==
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| − | During the last week of pregnancy, the queen seeks a nesting area. This is usually a quiet, undisturbed spot but some house cats will demand more human contact.Mammary development becomes noticable in the last week of pregnancy, especially in maiden cats. Rectal temperature may fall a few days before parturition, but this is not a reliable indicator.
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| − | === Stage 1 ===
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| − | * Restless
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| − | * Frequently visits the site for kittening
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| − | * Occasionally lies down and will strain unproductively.
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| − | === Stage 2 ===
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| − | * Straining in lateral recumbency.
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| − | * Rapid expulsion of kittens with a short interval between each birth.
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| − | * Parturition usually complete within a few hours.
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| − | * If the queen is alarmed, this may disrupt the pattern and she may move the kittens to a new area before parturition resumes.
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| − | * Soon after birth the kittens begin to suckle.
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| − | === Stage 3 ===
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| − | * Placentae usually expelled still attached to the foetus or shortly afterwards.
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| − | * Consumed by the queen.
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| − | * Breakdown of marginal haematoma releases biliverdin, giving the discharge a brownish colour.
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| − | [[Category:Parturition]][[Category:Reproductive Behaviour]]
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| | [[Category:Parturition]] | | [[Category:Parturition]] |
| | + | [[Category:Bullet Points]] |