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== Mounting ==
==Mounting==
 
[[Image:Reproductive Behaviour mounting.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Mounting Behaviour</p><sup> Copyright Nottingham University 2008.</sup>]]


* Elevation of the front legs of the male to straddle the posterior region of the female.
* Elevation of the front legs of the male to straddle the posterior region of the female.
* Learned behaviour
* Learned behaviour


----


== Intromission ==
== Intromission==


* Successful entrance of the penis into the vagina.
* Successful entrance of the penis into the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]].


----
----


== Ejaculation ==
== Ejaculation ==
[[Image:Site of Sperm Deposition.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Summary Table showing Ejaculate Characteristics of Various Species</p><sup> Copyright Nottingham University 2008.</sup>]]


* The reflex expulsion of spermatozoa and seminal plasma from the male reproductive tract.
* The reflex expulsion of spermatozoa and seminal plasma from the male reproductive tract.
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* Once intromission has been achieved, reflex impulses are initiated.
* Once intromission has been achieved, reflex impulses are initiated.
** Neural impulses derived mainly from sensory nerves in the '''glans penis'''.
** Neural impulses derived mainly from sensory nerves in the '''glans penis'''.
* Upon threshold stimulation, impulses are transmitted from the glans peinis by the '''internal pudendal nerve''' to the lumbosacral region of the spinal cord.
* Upon threshold stimulation, impulses are transmitted from the glans penis by the '''internal pudendal nerve''' to the lumbosacral region of the spinal cord.
* Sensory impulses result in firing of nerves in the '''spinal cord'''.
* Sensory impulses result in firing of nerves in the '''spinal cord'''.
* Forcing of semen into the '''urethra''' by nerves in the '''hypogastric plexus''' innervating target muscles.
* Forcing of semen into the '''urethra''' by nerves in the '''hypogastric plexus''' innervating target muscles.
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** '''Bulbospongiosus''' muscle
** '''Bulbospongiosus''' muscle
* '''Emission''' and ejaculation
* '''Emission''' and ejaculation
** Emission is the movement of seminal fluids from the accessory sex glands into the pelvic urethra so that they can mix with spermatozoa.
** Emission is the movement of seminal fluids from the [[Accessory_Sex_Glands_- Anatomy & Physiology|accessory sex glands]] into the pelvic urethra so that they can mix with spermatozoa.
** Emission occurs before and during ejaculation.
** Emission occurs before and during ejaculation.


== Dog ==
----
 
==Species Differences==
 
{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1"


* Bitch in Oestrus spots bloody fluid just before the receptive stage.
!'''Species'''
* Male identifies the female.
!'''Ram'''
** Dogs are very aware of a bitch in oestrus and can detect them from 500-600 meters away.
!'''Bull'''
* Bitch adopts receptive posture (''''stands'''')
!'''Stallion'''
* Dog mounts and thrusts to achieve intromission.
!'''Boar'''
* '''Intromission''' with a partially erect penis aided by the '''Os Penis'''
|-
* Vulval erectile tissue of the bitch grips the penis.
| '''Duration of Copulation'''
* Penis achieves full '''erection''' (the ''''Tie'''')
| 1-2 seconds (1 Pelvic Thrust with Foreleg Clasp)
* Dog then turns to face the opposite direction (the ''''Turn'''')
| 1-3 seconds (1 Pelvic Thrust with Foreleg Clasp)
* '''Ejaculation'''
| 20-60 seconds (Multiple Pelvic Thrusts,Flagging,Followed by Innactive Phase)
| 5-20 minutes (Rapid Pelvic Thrusting to Engage Penis in Cervix) When Penis is Engaged,Thrusting Stops and Ejaculation Commences
|-
| '''Volume of Ejaculate (ml)'''
| 0.8-1.0
| 3-5
| 75-120
| 200-250
|-
| '''Site of Semen Deposition'''
| External Cervical Os
| Fornix Vagina
| External Cervical Os, but Semen Enters Uterus at High Pressure
| Cervix and Uterus
|-
| '''Average Numbers of Ejaculations to Satiation'''
| 10
| 20
| 3
| 3
|-
| Maximum Number of Ejaculations to Exhaustion (Refractory Period)
| 30-40
| 60-80
| 20
| 8
|-
|}
 
=== [[Dog Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|Dog]] ===


----
----


== Cat ==
=== [[Cat Copulatory_Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|Cat]] ===


* Queen ''''calls''''
----
* Male identifies female
* Queen crouches in '''lordosis'''
* Tom bites scruff of queen
* Tom mounts and thrusts to gain intromission
* If queen is in oestrus she will submit to allow full intromission.
* Tom ejaculates
* Female emits a yowl and rolls over, attempting to swipe the tom with her claws.
* Tom retires to a safe distance


=== [[Gerbil Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|Gerbil]] ===
----




For a video demonstration of copulation in the cat, follow either of the following links:
[[Category:Reproductive Behaviour]]
* [http://www.vetmed.lsu.edu/eiltslotus/theriogenology-5361/filne_e.htm| Video of Copulation in the Cat]
[[Category:Bullet Points]]
* [http://www.animalmatingzone.com/main_frame_cat.htm| Video of Copulation in the Cat]

Latest revision as of 13:40, 5 July 2012

Mounting

Mounting Behaviour

Copyright Nottingham University 2008.
  • Elevation of the front legs of the male to straddle the posterior region of the female.
  • Learned behaviour


Intromission

  • Successful entrance of the penis into the vagina.

Ejaculation

Summary Table showing Ejaculate Characteristics of Various Species

Copyright Nottingham University 2008.
  • The reflex expulsion of spermatozoa and seminal plasma from the male reproductive tract.
  • Sensory stimulation, primarily to the glans penis causes a series of coordinated muscular contractions.
  • Once intromission has been achieved, reflex impulses are initiated.
    • Neural impulses derived mainly from sensory nerves in the glans penis.
  • Upon threshold stimulation, impulses are transmitted from the glans penis by the internal pudendal nerve to the lumbosacral region of the spinal cord.
  • Sensory impulses result in firing of nerves in the spinal cord.
  • Forcing of semen into the urethra by nerves in the hypogastric plexus innervating target muscles.
    • Urethralis muscle
    • Ischiocavernosus muscle
    • Bulbospongiosus muscle
  • Emission and ejaculation
    • Emission is the movement of seminal fluids from the accessory sex glands into the pelvic urethra so that they can mix with spermatozoa.
    • Emission occurs before and during ejaculation.

Species Differences

Species Ram Bull Stallion Boar
Duration of Copulation 1-2 seconds (1 Pelvic Thrust with Foreleg Clasp) 1-3 seconds (1 Pelvic Thrust with Foreleg Clasp) 20-60 seconds (Multiple Pelvic Thrusts,Flagging,Followed by Innactive Phase) 5-20 minutes (Rapid Pelvic Thrusting to Engage Penis in Cervix) When Penis is Engaged,Thrusting Stops and Ejaculation Commences
Volume of Ejaculate (ml) 0.8-1.0 3-5 75-120 200-250
Site of Semen Deposition External Cervical Os Fornix Vagina External Cervical Os, but Semen Enters Uterus at High Pressure Cervix and Uterus
Average Numbers of Ejaculations to Satiation 10 20 3 3
Maximum Number of Ejaculations to Exhaustion (Refractory Period) 30-40 60-80 20 8

Dog

Cat

Gerbil

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