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Avian Female Reproductive System (view source)
Revision as of 14:03, 5 July 2012
, 14:03, 5 July 2012→Cloacal Urodeum
== Ovary ==
= Ovary =
In the first 5 months after hatching, the ovary gradually develops from a small irregular structure with a finely granular surface into one where individual follicles can be observed.
In the first 5 months after hatching, the ovary gradually develops from a small irregular structure with a finely granular surface into one where individual follicles can be observed.
* Most birds have only left ovary but 2 ovaries are typical of many raptors.
* Most birds have only left ovary but 2 ovaries are typical of many raptors.
* '''Left Ovary''' lies caudal to the [[Endocrine_System_-_Adrenal_Glands_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Adrenal Gland]], close to the cranial tip of the [[Kidney_-_Comparative_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Kidney]].
* '''Left Ovary''' lies caudal to the [[Adrenal_Glands_- Anatomy & Physiology|Adrenal Gland]], close to the cranial tip of the [[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|Kidney]].
* Consists of:
* Consists of:
** '''Medulla''': vascular with nerve fibres and smooth muscle
** '''Medulla''': vascular with nerve fibres and smooth muscle
* Suspended by the '''mesovarium'''.
* Suspended by the '''mesovarium'''.
* Blood supply from the '''cranial renal artery'''
* Blood supply from the '''cranial renal artery'''
** Artery is very short, making ovariectomy very difficult with risk of [[General_Pathology_-_Haemorrhage|haemorrhage]].
** Artery is very short, making ovariectomy very difficult with risk of [[Haemorrhage|haemorrhage]].
* Contains from 500 to several thousand primary [[The_Ovary_-_Oocytes_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|oocytes]].
* Contains from 500 to several thousand primary [[Oogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|oocytes]].
* [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Follicles]] are '''pedunculated''', suspended by a stalk containing smooth muscle that has a rich vascular and nerve supply.
* [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|Follicles]] are '''pedunculated''', suspended by a stalk containing smooth muscle that has a rich vascular and nerve supply.
** Large, pendulous [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Follicles]] may contact the [[Avian_Digestive_Tract_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|stomach]], [[Spleen_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|spleen]] and [[The_Avian_Intestines_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|intestines]].
** Large, pendulous [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|Follicles]] may contact the [[Avian_Digestive_Tract_- Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]], [[Spleen_- Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] and [[Avian_Intestines_- Anatomy & Physiology|intestines]].
** Each consists of a large, yolk-filled oocyte surrounded by a highly vascular follicular wall.
** Each consists of a large, yolk-filled oocyte surrounded by a highly vascular follicular wall.
* Shortly before [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]], a devascularized white band (stigma) appears opposite the stalk, indicating where the wall will rupture at [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]].
* Shortly before [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_- Anatomy & Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]], a devascularized white band (stigma) appears opposite the stalk, indicating where the wall will rupture at [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_- Anatomy & Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]].
* The empty follicle (calix) regresses following [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]] and disappears in a few days.
* The empty follicle (calix) regresses following [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_- Anatomy & Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]] and disappears in a few days.
* No [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Luteum_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Corpus Luteum]] is required, since there is no embryo to maintain as there is in mammals.
* No [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|Corpus Luteum]] is required, since there is no embryo to maintain as there is in mammals.
= Oviduct =
== Oviduct ==
[[Image:Female reproductive tract avian.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Schematic of the Female Avian Reproductive Tract- Courtesy of Ruth Lawson Otago Polytechnic, Copyright RVC 2008]]
[[Image:Female reproductive tract avian.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Schematic of the Female Avian Reproductive Tract- Courtesy of Ruth Lawson Otago Polytechnic, Copyright RVC 2008]]
[[Image:Chicken female dissection.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dissection of the Female Avian Reproductive Tract- Courtesy of Andrew Crook, Copyright RVC 2008]]
[[Image:Chicken female dissection.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dissection of the Female Avian Reproductive Tract- Courtesy of Andrew Crook, Copyright RVC 2008]]
The oviduct may be divided into the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina. The oviduct not only conducts the fertilized ovum to the [[The_Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#The_Cloaca|Cloaca]], but adds substantial amounts of nutrients. It also encloses the ovum within membranes and a shell, providing protection for the embryo. It conveys spermatozoa to the ovum for immediate fertilization and stores them for future use. One insemination is sufficient to fertilize the ova released during the following 10 days.
The oviduct may be divided into the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina. The oviduct not only conducts the fertilized ovum to the [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_- Anatomy & Physiology#The_Cloaca|Cloaca]], but adds substantial amounts of nutrients. It also encloses the ovum within membranes and a shell, providing protection for the embryo. It conveys spermatozoa to the ovum for immediate fertilization and stores them for future use. One insemination is sufficient to fertilize the ova released during the following 10 days.
* The right oviduct regresses in development under the influence of MIH.
* The right oviduct regresses in development under the influence of MIH.
* In most birds only the left oviduct is present and functional. The right oviduct can be identified as a strand of tissue on the right side along the ventral side of the caudal vena cava.
* In most birds only the left oviduct is present and functional. The right oviduct can be identified as a strand of tissue on the right side along the ventral side of the caudal vena cava.
===Anatomical Structure and Location===
== Anatomical Structure and Location==
* Occupies the left,dorsal part of the body cavity.
* Occupies the left,dorsal part of the body cavity.
* Related to the [[Kidney_-_Comparative_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Kidney]], [[The_Avian_Intestines_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|intestines]] and [[The_Gizzard_-_Anamtomy_%26_Physiology|gizzard]].
* Related to the [[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|Kidney]], [[Avian_Intestines_- Anatomy & Physiology|intestines]] and [[Gizzard_- Anatomy & Physiology|gizzard]].
* Massive coiled structure approximately twice body length when fully functional..
* Massive coiled structure approximately twice body length when fully functional..
** Much reduced in juveniles and during the non-laying period.
** Much reduced in juveniles and during the non-laying period.
** Some coils are connected by a ventral continuation that forms the muscular '''ventral ligament'''.
** Some coils are connected by a ventral continuation that forms the muscular '''ventral ligament'''.
== Blood Flow and Innervation ==
=== Blood Flow and Innervation ===
* Blood flow to shell gland increased during the presence of a calcifying egg
* Blood flow to shell gland increased during the presence of a calcifying egg
** Sympathetic innervation of the shell gland (Vagina) is via the hypogastric nerve, a direct continuation of the aortic plexus.
** Sympathetic innervation of the shell gland (Vagina) is via the hypogastric nerve, a direct continuation of the aortic plexus.
== Oviduct Motility ==
=== Oviduct Motility ===
* Cilia are found along the entire length of the Oviduct. These facillitate sperm transport.
* Cilia are found along the entire length of the Oviduct. These facillitate sperm transport.
* Egg transported by contractions of the Oviduct musculature.
* Egg transported by contractions of the Oviduct musculature.
== Histological Structure ==
=== Histological Structure ===
* Serosa
* Serosa
== Infundibulum ==
=== Infundibulum ===
* Consists of a fluted and tubular part.
* Consists of a fluted and tubular part.
*** Ostium is positioned by the left abdominal air sac in such a way that it can grasp the newly released oocyte.
*** Ostium is positioned by the left abdominal air sac in such a way that it can grasp the newly released oocyte.
* Subsequent to [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]], the ovum is engulfed by the Infundibulum.
* Subsequent to [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_- Anatomy & Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]], the ovum is engulfed by the Infundibulum.
* Ovum resides here for '''15-30 minutes'''.
* Ovum resides here for '''15-30 minutes'''.
* '''Fertilization''' must take place in the funnel section of the Infundibulum before the [[The_Ovary_-_Oocytes_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|oocyte]] gets surrounded by [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Albumin|albumin]].
* '''Fertilization''' must take place in the funnel section of the Infundibulum before the [[Oogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|oocyte]] gets surrounded by [[Egg Composition and Formation - Anatomy & Physiology#Albumin|albumin]].
* Penetration by sperm usually occurs within 15 minutes of [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]].
* Penetration by sperm usually occurs within 15 minutes of [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_- Anatomy & Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]].
* Infundibular glands provide the chalaziferous layer, the thin coating of dense [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Albumin|albumin]] around the [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Yolk|yolk]].
* Infundibular glands provide the chalaziferous layer, the thin coating of dense [[Egg Composition and Formation - Anatomy & Physiology#Albumin|albumin]] around the [[Egg Composition and Formation - Anatomy & Physiology#Yolk|yolk]].
** Chalazae, the coiled strands that suspend the yolk and allow it to rotate so that the ferminal disc remains uppermost, develop further along the genital duct.
** Chalazae, the coiled strands that suspend the yolk and allow it to rotate so that the ferminal disc remains uppermost, develop further along the genital duct.
* Some species have a [[Exotics_-_Anatomy_of_the_Female_Reproductive_System_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Sperm_Host_Glands|'''sperm host gland''']] in this area to store sperm for later fertilization.
* Some species have a [[Avian Female Reproductive System#Sperm_Host_Glands|'''sperm host gland''']] in this area to store sperm for later fertilization.
== Magnum ==
=== Magnum ===
* Longest part of the Oviduct.
* Longest part of the Oviduct.
* Calcium, sodium and magnesium are added.
* Calcium, sodium and magnesium are added.
== Isthmus ==
=== Isthmus ===
* Demarcated from the Magnum by a narrow aglandular zone.
* Demarcated from the Magnum by a narrow aglandular zone.
* Folds less prominent than the Magnum, but the glands secrete more [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Albumin|albumin]].
* Folds less prominent than the Magnum, but the glands secrete more [[Egg Composition and Formation - Anatomy & Physiology#Albumin|albumin]].
* Divides the Magnum from the Uterus.
* Divides the Magnum from the Uterus.
* Present in '''poultry''' but not in Psittacines.
* Present in '''poultry''' but not in Psittacines.
* Ovum resides here for '''~1-2 hours'''
* Ovum resides here for '''~1-2 hours'''
* Inner and outer [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Shell|'''shell membrane formation''']].
* Inner and outer [[Egg Composition and Formation - Anatomy & Physiology#Shell|'''shell membrane formation''']].
== Uterus ==
=== Uterus ===
* Holds the egg during [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Shell|shell formation]].
* Holds the egg during [[Egg Composition and Formation - Anatomy & Physiology#Shell|shell formation]].
* 80% of time is spent here.
* 80% of time is spent here.
* Very vascular to aid calcium deposition.
* Very vascular to aid calcium deposition.
* '''Shell pigments''' (primarily protoporphyrin and biliverdin) are deposited via ciliated cells over 3 hours until 30 minutes before oviposition.
* '''Shell pigments''' (primarily protoporphyrin and biliverdin) are deposited via ciliated cells over 3 hours until 30 minutes before oviposition.
== Vagina ==
=== Vagina ===
* Muscular S-shaped tube through which the completed egg passes when it is expelled.
* Muscular S-shaped tube through which the completed egg passes when it is expelled.
* Vagina is separated from the Uterus by a '''vaginal sphincter''' which terminates at the [[The_Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#The_Cloaca|Cloaca]].
* Vagina is separated from the Uterus by a '''vaginal sphincter''' which terminates at the [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_- Anatomy & Physiology#The_Cloaca|Cloaca]].
* Ends at a slitlike opening in the lateral wall of the Urodeum.
* Ends at a slitlike opening in the lateral wall of the Urodeum.
* Smooth muscle more powerful than the rest of the oviduct.
* Smooth muscle more powerful than the rest of the oviduct.
* In some species, egg can remain here for hardening before passing out of the oviduct to the Urodeum.
* In some species, egg can remain here for hardening before passing out of the oviduct to the Urodeum.
====Sperm Host Glands ====
=== Sperm Host Glands ===
* Sperm host glands are at the '''uterovaginal junction''' of domestic fowl.
* Sperm host glands are at the '''uterovaginal junction''' of domestic fowl.
* Well-developed vascular system.
* Well-developed vascular system.
= Cloacal Urodeum =
== Cloacal Urodeum ==
[[Image:Avian Cloaca Diagram.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Avian Cloaca Diagram - Copyright RVC 2008]]
[[Image:Avian Cloaca Diagram.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Avian Cloaca Diagram - Copyright RVC 2008]]
* '''Urodeum''' is the middle compartment of the [[The_Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#The_Cloaca|Cloaca]].
* '''Urodeum''' is the middle compartment of the [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_- Anatomy & Physiology#The_Cloaca|Cloaca]].
* Separated from other parts by circular mucosal folds.
* Separated from other parts by circular mucosal folds.
* Ureters and genital ducts empty into its dorsal wall.
* Ureters and genital ducts empty into its dorsal wall.
[[Category:Avian Reproduction]]
[[Category:Bullet Points]]