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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Anaphylaxis generally refers to the '''systemic anaphylactic reaction''', which is a severe [[Type I Hypersensitivity|type 1 hypersensitivity]] reaction after the animal has become sensitised to a substance.
Anaphylaxis generally refers to the '''systemic anaphylactic reaction''', which is a severe [[Type I Hypersensitivity|type 1 hypersensitivity]] reaction after the animal has become sensitised to a substance.
It is '''mediated by IgE''' and characterised by the release of vasoactive substances from '''mast cells''' and basophils.
It is '''mediated by [[IgE]]''' and characterised by the release of vasoactive substances from '''[[Mast Cells|mast cells]]''' and [[basophils]].
Signs occur within '''seconds to minutes''' after exposure to the allergen.
Signs occur within '''seconds to minutes''' after exposure to the allergen.
A multitude of agents can trigger anaphylaxis, including: '''foods, insect venoms from bites and stings, and any drug or blood product'''.
A multitude of agents can trigger anaphylaxis, including: '''foods, insect venoms from bites and stings, and any drug or [[Blood Products|blood product]]'''.
The primary organs affected differ between cats and dogs.
The primary organs affected differ between cats and dogs.
All other organs are affected due to the resultant hypovolaemia and hypoxaemia.
All other organs are affected due to the resultant hypovolaemia and hypoxaemia.
'''Disseminated intravascular coagulation''' (DIC) can lead to haemorrhages.
'''[[DIC|Disseminated intravascular coagulation''' (DIC)]] can lead to haemorrhages.
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
In '''dogs''', these include: restlessness, '''[[Urticaria|urticaria]], angioedema''', nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness, dyspnoae, collapse and possibly death.
In '''dogs''', these include: restlessness, '''[[Urticaria|urticaria]], angioedema''', nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness, dyspnoea, collapse and possibly death.
In '''cats''', these include: restlessness, pruritus, vocalisation, vomiting, defecation, weakness, tachypnoea, '''bronchoconstriction, laryngeal dysfunction''', pulmonary oedema and possibly death.
In '''cats''', these include: restlessness, pruritus, vocalisation, vomiting, defecation, weakness, tachypnoea, '''bronchoconstriction, laryngeal dysfunction''', pulmonary oedema and possibly death.
The timing of the clinical signs following exposure is often a valuable diagnostic clue.
The timing of the clinical signs following exposure is often a valuable diagnostic clue.
At '''post-mortem''': dogs will show: hepatic and splanchnic congestion and gastrointestinal haemorrhage
At '''post-mortem''': dogs will show: hepatic and splanchnic congestion and gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
Cats will show: laryngeal oedema, bronchoconstriction, emphysema and pulmonary haemorrage.
Cats will show: laryngeal oedema, bronchoconstriction, emphysema and pulmonary haemorrhage.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
'''Glucocorticoids''' such as prednisolone or dexamethasone can antagonise the delayed mechanisms of the allergic reaction, but take several hours to act.
'''Glucocorticoids''' such as prednisolone or dexamethasone can antagonise the delayed mechanisms of the allergic reaction, but take several hours to act.
'''Ancillary support''' for blood pressure include: '''fluids''' such as crystalloids or colloids to expand the intravascular volume.
'''Ancillary support''' for blood pressure include: [[:Category:Fluid Therapy|'''fluids''']] such as crystalloids or colloids to expand the intravascular volume.
Vasopressors such as '''dopamine'''
Vasopressors such as '''dopamine'''
Mazzaferro, E. (2011) '''Blackwell's 5-minute consult clinical companion''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
Mazzaferro, E. (2011) '''Blackwell's 5-minute consult clinical companion''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]
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[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Dog]]
[[Category:Type I Hypersensitivity Diseases]]
[[Category:Expert Review]]