Difference between revisions of "Clostridium species"

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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Clostridium species]]
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<big><center>[[Infectious agents and parasites|'''BACK TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES''']]</center></big>
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<big><center>[[Bacteria|'''BACK TO BACTERIA''']]</center></big>
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===Overview===
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*Organisms present in the soil, alimentary tract and faeces
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*Endospores may be present in liver and may be reactivated to cause disease
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*Neurotoxic clostridia, ''Clostridium tetani'' and ''Clostridium botulinum'' affect neuromuscular function but cause no tissue damage
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*Histotoxic clostridia cause localised lesions in tissues and may cause toxaemia
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*''C. perfringens'' cause inflammatory lesions in the gastrointestinal tract and enterotoxaemias in sheep
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===Characteristics===
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*Large Gram-positive rods
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*Obligate anaerobes
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*Fermentative, catalase negative, oxidase negative
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*Straight or slightly curved
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*Motile by flagellae
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*Require enriched media for growth
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*Produce endospores which vary in shape and location and cause bulging of mother cell
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 +
 
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===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===
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*Produce extracellular digestive enzymes and toxic substance known as exotoxins
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*Exotoxins cause necrosis, haemolysis and death
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*Collagenase, hyaluronidase and DNase enymes facilitate spread through tissues
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===Clostridium botulinum===
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* ''Clostridium botulinum'' has been implicated in [[Intestines - physical disturbances#Equine dysautonomia, or grass sickness|equine grass sickness]].
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* The toxin also causes [[Muscles - degenerative#Botulism|botulism]], a disease affecting muscle at the neuromuscular junction.
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===Clostridium chauvei===
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* Causes [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]], along with [[Clostridium species#Clostridium septicum|''Clostridium septicum'']].
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* Infects muscles giving black leg [[Muscles - inflammatory#Black leg|myositis]]
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===Clostridium novyi===
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* Causes [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles - inflammatory#Gas gangrene|myositis]].
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*May be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]
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===Clostridium perfringens===
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* Causes:
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** [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Lamb Dysentery (Enterotoxaemia with Blood)|Lamb dysentery]]
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** [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Colitis X|Colitis X]].
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** [[Intestines - Catarrhal Enteritis#"Pulpy Kidney" Disease|Pulpy kidney disease]]
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*** ''C. perfringens'' type D only.
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** [[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory#In cattle|Peritonitis in cattle]]
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**  [[Respiratory system - clinical signs#Dysphagia|Dysphagia in horses]]
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** [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|Gas gangrene]]
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** [[Muscles - inflammatory#Gas gangrene|Myositis]]
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===Clostridium septicum===
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* Causes [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles - inflammatory#Gas gangrene|myositis]]
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===Clostridium sordelli===
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* Causes [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles - inflammatory#Gas gangrene|myositis]]
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===Clostridium tetani===
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* ''Clostridium tetani'' may infect wounds, giving rise to [[Tremors and Movement Disorders - Nervous System#Tetanus|tetanus]]
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===Diagnosis===
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*Anaerobic transport medium
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*Culture on blood agar enriched with yeast extract, vitamin K and haemin
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*Anaerobic culture with hydrogen supplement and 5-10% carbon dioxide
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*''C. perfringens'' colonies are surrounded by a zone of double haemolysis
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*Biochemical tests
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*Toxins identified in body fluids by toxin neutralisation or protection tests in lab animals
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*Fluorescent antibody tests for histotoxic clostridia
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*ELISA, PCR for toxin detection

Revision as of 14:18, 18 May 2008

BACK TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES
BACK TO BACTERIA

Overview

  • Organisms present in the soil, alimentary tract and faeces
  • Endospores may be present in liver and may be reactivated to cause disease
  • Neurotoxic clostridia, Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum affect neuromuscular function but cause no tissue damage
  • Histotoxic clostridia cause localised lesions in tissues and may cause toxaemia
  • C. perfringens cause inflammatory lesions in the gastrointestinal tract and enterotoxaemias in sheep

Characteristics

  • Large Gram-positive rods
  • Obligate anaerobes
  • Fermentative, catalase negative, oxidase negative
  • Straight or slightly curved
  • Motile by flagellae
  • Require enriched media for growth
  • Produce endospores which vary in shape and location and cause bulging of mother cell


Pathogenesis and pathogenicity

  • Produce extracellular digestive enzymes and toxic substance known as exotoxins
  • Exotoxins cause necrosis, haemolysis and death
  • Collagenase, hyaluronidase and DNase enymes facilitate spread through tissues


Clostridium botulinum

  • Clostridium botulinum has been implicated in equine grass sickness.
  • The toxin also causes botulism, a disease affecting muscle at the neuromuscular junction.

Clostridium chauvei

Clostridium novyi

Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium septicum

Clostridium sordelli

Clostridium tetani

  • Clostridium tetani may infect wounds, giving rise to tetanus

Diagnosis

  • Anaerobic transport medium
  • Culture on blood agar enriched with yeast extract, vitamin K and haemin
  • Anaerobic culture with hydrogen supplement and 5-10% carbon dioxide
  • C. perfringens colonies are surrounded by a zone of double haemolysis
  • Biochemical tests
  • Toxins identified in body fluids by toxin neutralisation or protection tests in lab animals
  • Fluorescent antibody tests for histotoxic clostridia
  • ELISA, PCR for toxin detection
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