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→Effects of Haemorrhage
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
* Haemorrhage is the escape of blood from within the cardiovascular system.
* Haemorrhage is the escape of blood from within the cardiovascular system.
** Neoplastic disease.
** Neoplastic disease.
* "Haemorrhagic diathesis" describes a predisposition to bleeding, either spontaneous or associated with trifling mechanical damage.
* "Haemorrhagic diathesis" describes a predisposition to bleeding, either spontaneous or associated with trifling mechanical damage.
** Often manifests as [[Haemorrhage - Pathology#Purpura|purpuric disease]].
** Often manifests as [[Haemorrhage#Purpura|purpuric disease]].
** Haemorrhagic diatheses and [[Haemorrhage - Pathology#Purpura|purpura]] may be a feature of a number of diseases of different aetiology (poisoning, septicaemia or neoplastic disease).
** Haemorrhagic diatheses and [[Haemorrhage#Purpura|purpura]] may be a feature of a number of diseases of different aetiology (poisoning, septicaemia or neoplastic disease).
==Types of Haemorrhage==
==Types of Haemorrhage==
* Two main types of haemorrhage are recognised and are considered in more detail below:
* Two main types of haemorrhage are recognised and are considered in more detail below:
** '''[[Haemorrhage - Pathology#Haemorrhage by Rhexis|Rhexis]]'''
** '''[[Haemorrhage#Haemorrhage by Rhexis|Rhexis]]'''
*** Actual physical rupture of a vessel wall
*** Actual physical rupture of a vessel wall
** '''[[Haemorrhage - Pathology#Haemorrhage by Diapedesis|Diapedesis]]'''
** '''[[Haemorrhage#Haemorrhage by Diapedesis|Diapedesis]]'''
*** The escape of blood from vessels.
*** The escape of blood from vessels.
*** It may be difficult to detect a disruption to the vessel wall.
*** It may be difficult to detect a disruption to the vessel wall.
===Haematoma===
===Haematoma===
* A large blood clot within the tissues.
* A large blood clot within the tissues.
** A localised collection of blood confined by surrounding tissues resulting in a modular formation.
** A localised collection of blood confined by surrounding tissues resulting in a modular formation.
===In Body Cavities===
===In Body Cavities===
* Haemothorax, Haemopericardium and Haemoperitoneum.
* Haemothorax, Haemopericardium and Haemoperitoneum.
** Blood escapes into the respective body cavities.
** Blood escapes into the respective body cavities.
===Petechiae===
===Petechiae===
* These are minute - foci are 1-2mm in diameter.
* These are minute - foci are 1-2mm in diameter.
* Of capillary origin.
* Of capillary origin.
===Ecchymoses===
===Ecchymoses===
* Of capillary origin. .
* Of capillary origin. .
* Foci are 3-23mm in diameter.
* Foci are 3-23mm in diameter.
===Purpura===
===Purpura===
* [[Purpura haemorrhagica|Purpura]] is a clinical syndrome.
* Purpura is a clinical syndrome.
* Multiple small spontaneous haemorrhages develop in tissues (e.g. skin, mucosae, serosal surfaces and joints).
* Multiple small spontaneous haemorrhages develop in tissues (e.g. skin, mucosae, serosal surfaces and joints).
* A mixture of petechiae and ecchymoses.
* A mixture of petechiae and ecchymoses.
==Haemorrhage by Rhexis==
==Haemorrhage by Rhexis==
* This is of venular or arteriolar (or larger vessel) origin.
* This is of venular or arteriolar (or larger vessel) origin.
** Results in major bleeding.
** Results in major bleeding.
==Haemorrhage by Diapedesis==
==Haemorrhage by Diapedesis==
===Septicaemia===
===Septicaemia===
* Causes large numbers of petechiae and ecchymoses.
* Causes large numbers of petechiae and ecchymoses.
===Toxaemia and Poisoning===
===Toxaemia and Poisoning===
* Causes petechiae and ecchymoses.
* Causes petechiae and ecchymoses.
** These haemorrhages are probably due to direct damage to the vessel walls.
** These haemorrhages are probably due to direct damage to the vessel walls.
===Purpura haemorrhagica===
===Purpura haemorrhagica===
* Pupura haemorrhagica is a condition that occurs in horses after an infection.
* Pupura haemorrhagica is a condition that occurs in horses after an infection.
** Particularly following [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]].
** Particularly following [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]].
===Haemophilia===
===Haemophilia===
* Failure of the normal clotting of the blood.
* Failure of the normal clotting of the blood.
** Due to absence of one of the clotting factors.
** Due to absence of one of the clotting factors.
===Dicoumeral poisoning===
===Dicoumeral poisoning===
* Dicoumeral is an antagonist to Vitamin K.
* Dicoumeral is an antagonist to Vitamin K.
** Vitamin K is needed by the liver to synthesise prothrombin and various clotting factors.
** Vitamin K is needed by the liver to synthesise prothrombin and various clotting factors.
==Gross Appearance of Haemorrhage==
==Gross Appearance of Haemorrhage==
* The gross appearance of haemorrhage can vary depending on the tissue in which it occurs.
* The gross appearance of haemorrhage can vary depending on the tissue in which it occurs.
===Epistaxis===
===Epistaxis===
* Epistaxis is a nose bleed.
* Epistaxis is a nose bleed.
* The haemorrhage may originate anywhere in the respiratory system.
* The haemorrhage may originate anywhere in the respiratory system.
===Gastric Haemorrhage===
===Gastric Haemorrhage===
* Gastric secretion soon turns the blood a dark brown.
* Gastric secretion soon turns the blood a dark brown.
* When vomited up it is called Haematomesis.
* When vomited up it is called Haematomesis.
===Dysentery===
===Dysentery===
* Occurs when the bleeding is low down the [[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|alimentary tract]].
* Occurs when the bleeding is low down the [[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|alimentary tract]].
* The blood is passed in the faeces relatively unchanged.
* The blood is passed in the faeces relatively unchanged.
===Haematuria===
===Haematuria===
* Blood is present in the urine.
* Blood is present in the urine.
** Imparts a red colour to it.
** Imparts a red colour to it.
===Bruising===
===Bruising===
* Brusing is the result of haemorrhage.
* Brusing is the result of haemorrhage.
* Appears red for 48 hours and then begins to turn yellow.
* Appears red for 48 hours and then begins to turn yellow.
==Effects of Haemorrhage==
==Effects of Haemorrhage==
===Local===
===Local===
* Haemorrhage may result in a diffuse mass of red blood cells and fibrin in loose connective tissues and in organs.
* Haemorrhage may result in a diffuse mass of red blood cells and fibrin in loose connective tissues and in organs.
** E.g. in the cutaneous connective tissues, the [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] and the gut wall.
** E.g. in the cutaneous connective tissues, the [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] and the gut wall.
===Systematic===
===Systematic===
* The systematic effects of haemorrhage are usually associated with uncontrolled blood loss.
* The systematic effects of haemorrhage are usually associated with uncontrolled blood loss.
** I.e. from a major artery associated with trauma.
** I.e. from a major artery associated with trauma.
** Loss of 30-40 per cent in a few minutes is often fatal.
** Loss of 30-40 per cent in a few minutes is often fatal.
** Loss of over 50% over a 24 period may be tolerated in the dog.
** Loss of over 50% over a 24 period may be tolerated in the dog.
[[Category:Circulatory Disorders - Pathology]]
[[Category:Cardiology Section]]