Difference between revisions of "Feline Aggression - Overview"

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{{KeyPoints
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==Classification==
|points = <br>
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As with dogs, the term "aggression" can be used to refer to a number of different behavioural responses, ranging from hissing and spitting to infliction of physical injury. Aggression should be considered to be a perfectly normal feature of the feline behavioural repertoire and the term ‘aggressive’ should not be used to define a cat’s personality. The natural feline predatory sequence contains “aggressive” elements and these are learnt and perfected through play. Social conflict may also be manifested in normal and appropriate “aggressive” displays, which are designed to diffuse tension and avoid physical confrontation. Within the context of problem behaviour it is therefore essential to determine the motivation for aggressive behaviour and to identify elements of normal feline behaviour, such as predation, play or social related aggression.
*In general cats try to escape or avoid conflict and fighting is usually the 'last resort' defence strategy.
 
*It is essential to determine the motivation for aggressive behaviour and whether it is normal feline behaviour or abnormal aggression.
 
*The most common motivational causes of aggression from cats to people include fear, anxiety, frustration and misdirection of predatory instinct.
 
*The most critical aspect of managing aggressive cats is therefore to enable the cat to manage its fear in a non-aggressive way.
 
}}
 
  
==Introduction==
+
There have been various schemes suggested for categorising feline aggression. The first question to consider is whether the aggression is normally motivated or not. Normal aggression is contextually appropriate and usually relatively well controlled and predictable so it carries a good prognosis as long as the cat’s behavioural needs can be met within the domestic environment. Abnormal aggression can result from physical illness or inappropriate learning.
The cat’s primary defence strategy is to '''escape or avoid conflict'''. Cats do not possess the same repertoire of appeasement behaviours to halt or modulate [[Feline Aggression Towards Cats|intra-specific aggression]] as are seen in dogs, so physical confrontation at close quarters is likely to escalate quickly and result in serious injury to both parties. To avoid such situations, cats use distance increasing and maintaining behaviours, such as body postures, vocal signals and scent marks. If escape is impossible, then cats will often freeze and deliver a range of threatening behaviours, including postural and vocal signals, designed to repel or hold the threat at bay. Meanwhile, the cat will re-evaluate its opportunities for escape. Attacks may be sudden and brief, and again aimed at repelling the threat so as to re-open an opportunity for escape. Cats will most often become aggressive when conflict is over a survival resource (including territory) or when escape from conflict is impossible; such as when the animal is debilitated or confined. However, if a cat has repeated experience of sustained threat or punishment when it attempts to escape, then it may learn to shift to an offensive pattern of aggression instead of escape. Aggression is most likely to be sustained when a cat is defending territory from an intruder.
 
  
==Aggressive Signals==
+
The approach to categorisation used here will be to define aggression in terms of its immediate target, its motivation, its offensive or defensive or frustration-related nature and then to attach labels according to the circumstance or context of the aggression. It is always important to remember that every cat is an individual and every behavioural problem must be treated on that basis.
Feline aggressive signalling shares some similarities with other species; for example, staring eye contact, and body postures that attempt to make the individual look larger and more threatening by '''increasing its apparent stature''' (piloerection, sideways body arched posture). A cat may alternatively attempt to reduce the threat it poses by '''flattening onto the ground''' and adopting a self-defensive posture. Whole body postures are a reliable indicator of the cat’s attitude to a situation but because it takes tome to shift from one body posture to another, they therefore do not indicate the moment-by-moment shift in the cat’s reaction. For this it is better to look at facial signals such as head and ear position, and other expressions involving the mouth and eyes.  
 
  
'''Important warning signs''' include:
+
==Background==
*Tail twitching and thrashing
+
<font color="red">needs general introduction or a pointer to what is normal aggression and reciprocal links; not sure whether below is too UK based</font>
*Flattening or backward rotation of the ears
+
Within the general feline population house soiling and spraying are considered to be amongst the most common major problems, with aggression featuring far less than it does in the dog. However, recent figures from the annual report [2003] of the Association of Pet Behaviour Counsellors [APBC] showed that 23% of referred feline cases involved [[Feline Aggression Towards Other Cats|aggression towards other cats]], making it the second most commonly referred problem after indoor marking [25% of cases]. A further 13% of the reported feline cases involved aggression towards people. Aggression is therefore a significant concern for many cat owners. Data on referral rates of feline aggression cases to individual behavioural clinics varies widely, with some clinics experiencing referral rates of 13% of their total caseload and others 25%.
 +
 
 +
Other work, carried out by a research team at Southampton University, has shown that 13% of owners reported aggression to people and 48% aggression to other cats. These figures were obtained directly from a sample of the general cat owning population, rather than those seeking professional help and they indicate that aggression problems may be even more prevalent in the general feline population than in the referral population.
 +
 
 +
There may be many reasons for this difference. Firstly, many cat owners may be unaware of the welfare and safety risks associated with aggression problems. Secondly, the owners of aggressive cats have the option to exclude these animals from the domestic home so that they become ‘outdoor’ cats. Thirdly, and most importantly, many cat owners may not be aware that anything can be done to help the situation and therefore do not seek help. Such obstacles to seeking advice place an additional demand on the veterinary practice to ask questions about feline behavioural problems during routine consultations rather than to expect clients to raise the subject themselves.
 +
 
 +
Feline aggression is also often regarded as less serious than canine aggression, and as a consequence cases may not be referred until they have become serious. Unfortunately such an approach is not only detrimental to prognosis but also increases the risk of injury, so it is important for owners to understand how serious the consequences of feline aggression can be. Physical injury to people or animals and zoonotic infections are a very real danger since the cat is equipped with weapons in the form of claws and teeth. When feline aggression is targeted toward people, the danger it poses should never been underestimated. When the victims are children or elderly people with frail skin it is important to emphasise to owners that the potential injuries from cats are serious. The rate of bacterial contamination in cat bites is several times that in the dog, because bite punctures tend to be deep and a majority of cats harbour Pasteurella Multocida and other pathogens in their mouths. The victims of cat bite or scratch injuries may therefore be subject to what is commonly called ‘cat scratch disease’ and should seek medical attention. 
 +
 
 +
The nature of aggressive responses in cats is strongly related to their natural behavioural responses and to their social and communication systems in the wild. The cat has a range of subtle body postures and facial expressions which can be used to diffuse tension and avoid physical conflict and, for a solitary hunter, this is important in order to prevent injury and consequent threat to the individual’s survival. In addition cats use a range of vocalisations to further increase the success of communication so that fighting is usually the ‘last resort’ defence strategy.
 +
 
 +
==Warning Signs of Aggression==
 +
Important warning signs include:
 +
*Tail twitching
 +
*Flattening of the ears
 
*Stiffening of the shoulders and legs  
 
*Stiffening of the shoulders and legs  
*Mydriasis
+
*Dilatation of pupils
*Vocalisation (e.g. hissing and spitting)
+
*Hissing and spitting
  
It is very important that owners do not attempt to soothe or calm a cat when it is showing this behaviour (they must not pick the cat up, for example). Cats that are frozen in a self-defensive crouch are very close to launching an attack if provoked. It is best to break eyes contact, move away and allow the cat to settle.
+
It is very important that owners do not attempt to soothe or calm the cat when it is showing this behaviour. Cats that are frozen in a self-defensive crouch are very close to launching an attack when provoked. They should look away from the cat and slowly move away.
  
In dogs there is a recognisable continuum of escalating aggressive signalling behaviours, starting with body tension and moving up through changes in eye contact, growling, snarling and ultimately leading to a bite if the signal recipient does not respond appropriately. A failure to deliver signals in this manner, for example jumping from body tension to a bite, is regarded as evidence of impulsivity in dogs, and is commonly associated with problems such as owner-directed aggression in dogs. The  same gradual escalation is not as apparent in cats, as their behaviour has evolved to avoid face to face confrontation. So, '''transition from a defensive posture to an attack may be very sudden'''. It is therefore very important to be able to read and appropriately respond to changes in facial signalling that indicate the cat’s increasing sense of vulnerability which may precede an aggressive outburst.
+
==Aggression Towards People==
 +
The most common motivational causes of aggression from cats to people include fear, anxiety, frustration and misdirection of predatory instinct. These produce offensive and defensive patterns of aggression. In some cases the human victim may not be the primary target for the aggressive behaviour and a diagnosis of redirected aggression may be made, but from a therapeutic point of view the motivational diagnosis, which is appropriate to the cat’s response to the primary target, will be all important in formulating a successful treatment plan.  
  
==Classification==
 
'''Aggression is a normal feature of the feline behavioural repertoire and the term ‘aggressive’ should not be used to define a cat’s personality'''; all cats have the capacity to display aggressive behaviour, dependent on circumstances. There have been various attempts to categorise forms of feline aggression, but without any common agreement. The most appropriate approach is to characterise the behaviour according to its objective, and emotional motivation, such as fear, anxiety, or frustration. Then to identify the targets of aggression (such as people or animals), including the specific details of high probability targets (such as age, or appearance). Aggression may be linked to context and triggering events or stimuli, which also need to be detailed in the history. By identifying motivation, target and eliciting circumstances it is not only possible to classify aggression but also make meaningful predictions about risk and prognosis.
 
  
 
==History Taking==
 
==History Taking==
[[Feline Aggression Towards Cats|Inter-cat aggression]] presents a particular problem because many of the aggressive incidents are not directly observed by the owner or may be misinterpreted when they are. Observation of the cat during the consultation is unlikely to be useful, and a house visit is more appropriate as this also enables an assessment of the living conditions of the animal. Consultations can also be augmented with video footage of the cat’s normal behaviour in its own surroundings, but it is not acceptable for clients to stage aggressive events for the purpose of making a diagnosis since this involves a serious risk of injury.
+
Inter-cat aggression presents a particular problem because many of the aggressive incidents are not directly observed by the owner or may be misinterpreted when they are. Observation of the cat during the consultation is important but house visits may be preferable and when they are not possible  consultation observation is  is best augmented with video footage of the cat’s normal behaviour in its own surroundings. It is not acceptable to stage aggressive events for the purpose of making a diagnosis since this involves a serious risk of injury.
 
   
 
   
 
====Important Aspects of History Taking====
 
====Important Aspects of History Taking====
*Historical description of aggressive incidents (starting with the first that the owner can remember). Details of each incident should include location, persons/animals present, context, time, and target of the aggression.  
+
*Historical description of aggressive incidents [starting with the first that the owner can remember]. Details of each incident should include location, persons/animals present, context, time, and target of the aggression.  
 
*The cat’s body posture and facial expression before, during, and after each incident give strong indications of its emotional state and intent.
 
*The cat’s body posture and facial expression before, during, and after each incident give strong indications of its emotional state and intent.
 
*The victim’s response before, during, and after each event should be recorded.
 
*The victim’s response before, during, and after each event should be recorded.
*Relationship between cat and other animals in the household (allorubbing, allogrooming, play, aggression, fear-avoidance).
+
*Relationship between cat and other animals in the household [allorubbing, allogrooming, play, aggression, fear-avoidance].
*List of all situations in which low level aggression behaviour is seen (hissing, spitting, growling, eye contact, body posture).
+
*List of all situations in which low level aggression behaviour is seen [hissing, spitting, growling, eye contact, body posture].
 
*List of stimuli/events that elicit fear or anxiety.
 
*List of stimuli/events that elicit fear or anxiety.
*Contexts in which aggression is seen.
 
 
==Prevalence==
 
Within the general feline population [[Housesoiling - Cat|house soiling]] and [[Indoor Marking - Cat|spraying]] are considered to be amongst the most common major problems, with aggression featuring far less than it does in the dog.
 
 
However, few properly constructed surveys of the prevalence of aggression in domestic cats have been carried out.
 
  
In a study by Ramos and Mills, looking at owner reports of aggression in cats in Brazil, human-directed aggression was seen in a number of situations, such as when stroking a cat or playing games with it <ref>Ramos, D., Mills, D.A. (2009) Human directed aggression in Brazilian domestic cats: owner reported prevalence, contexts and risk factors. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 11. 835-841.</ref>. The overall prevalence of aggression was 49.5%, which is much higher than previously observed. For example, in a previous UK study only 13% of cats were found to show aggression towards people <ref>Bradshaw, J.W.S., Casey, R.A., MacDonald, J.M. (2000) The occurrence of unwanted behaviour in the cat pet population. In: Proceedings of the Companion Animal Behaviour Therapy Study Group Study Day; Birmingham, England.</ref>. This study found that 48% of cats showed aggression to other cats. In a Spanish study, which collected data from 451 veterinary practices, aggression towards people ranked 4th in frequency, and aggression toward other cats 5th. Inappropriate urination and defecation (which included spray marking) ranked first, with excessive scratching and vocalisation ranking 2nd and 3rd respectively<ref>Fatjo, J., Ruiz-de-la-Torre, J.L., Manteca, X. (2006) The epidemiology of behavioural problems in dogs and cats: a survey of veterinary practitioners. Animal Welfare. 15, 179-185</ref>. In a retrospective survey of referrals to a specialist behavioural referral centre in Spain, the same group found that aggression was the most frequent reason for referral<ref>Amat, M., Ruiz-de-la-Torre, J.L., Fatjo, J., Mariotti, V.M., van Wijk, S., Manteca, X. (2009) Potential risk factors associated with feline behaviour problems. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 121, 134-139.</ref>. Figures from the annual report (2003) of the Association of Pet Behaviour Counsellors (APBC) showed that 23% of referred feline cases involved [[Feline Aggression Towards Cats|aggression towards other cats]], making it the second most commonly referred problem after [[Indoor Marking - Cat|indoor marking]] (25% of cases). A further 13% of the reported feline cases involved [[Feline Aggression Towards People|aggression towards people]]. This data is taken from a referral population, and therefore does not reflect the actual prevalence of aggression.
+
==Immediate Intervention==
 +
In the UK cats are generally not regarded as property  and therefore the implications of aggression by cats is very complex. Fights between [[Feline Aggression Towards Other Cats in the Neighbourhood|cats belonging to neighbours]] can cause a great deal of ill-will but are unlikely to lead to successful litigation. However, injuries caused to a person or an animal, whilst in the home of the cat might be deemed the responsibility of the cat owner. Such injuries can, in some circumstances, be horrific.  
  
Due to differences in data collection and source between the studies which are available, it is difficult to evaluate the actual prevalence of feline aggression problems.
+
It is therefore the owner’s duty to protect people and other animals from harm. Muzzling is not generally a viable  option for cats, but the same basic safety provisions, such as exclusion from the room and provision of physical barriers between cat and victim, may be made as for aggressive dogs.  
Referral populations are unrepresentative of the general population, as are veterinary reports.  
 
  
It is likely that the prevalence of aggression is high, but that aggression cases are under presented. This may due to owner tolerance and adaptation to their pet's behaviour; they may handle the cat less if it shows aggression when stroked, for example. Also, aggression between cats will often occur outside the home, with the only indication that is has occurred being injures to the pet.
+
The cat’s primary response to threat is to avoid it or escape from it. The most critical aspect of managing aggressive cats is therefore to enable the cat to manage its fear in a non-aggressive way. Giving the cat escape routes and reliable places to hide will reduce its need to display aggression.  
  
==Risk==
+
Only 25% of dog bites contain Pasteurella Multocida, compared to 50-74% of cat bites. Other bacteria may also be present, including Staphylococcus Aureus. This means that all cat bites that cause skin penetration or bleeding should be treated medically without delay. A course of antibiotics and anti-tetanus may be required.
Feline aggression is also often regarded as less serious than canine aggression, and as a consequence cases may not be referred until they have become serious. Unfortunately such an approach is not only detrimental to prognosis but also increases the risk of injury, so it is important for owners to understand how serious the consequences of feline aggression can be. Physical injury to people or animals and zoonotic infections are a very real danger since the cat is equipped with weapons in the form of claws and teeth. When [[Feline Aggression Towards People|feline aggression is targeted toward people]], the danger it poses should never be underestimated. When the victims are children or elderly people with frail skin it is important to emphasise to owners that the potential injuries from cats are serious. The rate of bacterial contamination in cat bites is several times that in the dog, because bite punctures tend to be deep and a majority of cats harbour [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|''Pasteurella multocida'']] and other pathogens in their mouths. Only 25% of dog bites contain ''Pasteurella multocida'', compared to 50-74% of cat bites. Other bacteria may also be present, including ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''. This means that all cat bites that cause skin penetration or bleeding should be treated medically without delay. A course of antibiotics and anti-tetanus may be required.
 
  
==References==
 
<references/>
 
  
<big><b>Also see:
 
:[[Feline Aggression Towards Cats]]
 
:[[Feline Aggression Towards People]]
 
</b></big>
 
  
<br><br>
 
{{Jon Bowen written
 
|date=September 8, 2014
 
}}
 
  
{{Ceva}}
+
{{unfinished}}
{{OpenPages}}
 
  
 +
[[Category:To Do - Behaviour References]]
 
[[Category:Feline Aggression]]
 
[[Category:Feline Aggression]]
 +
[[Category:To Do - Behaviour GGP]]

Revision as of 18:49, 17 March 2014

Classification

As with dogs, the term "aggression" can be used to refer to a number of different behavioural responses, ranging from hissing and spitting to infliction of physical injury. Aggression should be considered to be a perfectly normal feature of the feline behavioural repertoire and the term ‘aggressive’ should not be used to define a cat’s personality. The natural feline predatory sequence contains “aggressive” elements and these are learnt and perfected through play. Social conflict may also be manifested in normal and appropriate “aggressive” displays, which are designed to diffuse tension and avoid physical confrontation. Within the context of problem behaviour it is therefore essential to determine the motivation for aggressive behaviour and to identify elements of normal feline behaviour, such as predation, play or social related aggression.

There have been various schemes suggested for categorising feline aggression. The first question to consider is whether the aggression is normally motivated or not. Normal aggression is contextually appropriate and usually relatively well controlled and predictable so it carries a good prognosis as long as the cat’s behavioural needs can be met within the domestic environment. Abnormal aggression can result from physical illness or inappropriate learning.

The approach to categorisation used here will be to define aggression in terms of its immediate target, its motivation, its offensive or defensive or frustration-related nature and then to attach labels according to the circumstance or context of the aggression. It is always important to remember that every cat is an individual and every behavioural problem must be treated on that basis.

Background

needs general introduction or a pointer to what is normal aggression and reciprocal links; not sure whether below is too UK based Within the general feline population house soiling and spraying are considered to be amongst the most common major problems, with aggression featuring far less than it does in the dog. However, recent figures from the annual report [2003] of the Association of Pet Behaviour Counsellors [APBC] showed that 23% of referred feline cases involved aggression towards other cats, making it the second most commonly referred problem after indoor marking [25% of cases]. A further 13% of the reported feline cases involved aggression towards people. Aggression is therefore a significant concern for many cat owners. Data on referral rates of feline aggression cases to individual behavioural clinics varies widely, with some clinics experiencing referral rates of 13% of their total caseload and others 25%.

Other work, carried out by a research team at Southampton University, has shown that 13% of owners reported aggression to people and 48% aggression to other cats. These figures were obtained directly from a sample of the general cat owning population, rather than those seeking professional help and they indicate that aggression problems may be even more prevalent in the general feline population than in the referral population.

There may be many reasons for this difference. Firstly, many cat owners may be unaware of the welfare and safety risks associated with aggression problems. Secondly, the owners of aggressive cats have the option to exclude these animals from the domestic home so that they become ‘outdoor’ cats. Thirdly, and most importantly, many cat owners may not be aware that anything can be done to help the situation and therefore do not seek help. Such obstacles to seeking advice place an additional demand on the veterinary practice to ask questions about feline behavioural problems during routine consultations rather than to expect clients to raise the subject themselves.

Feline aggression is also often regarded as less serious than canine aggression, and as a consequence cases may not be referred until they have become serious. Unfortunately such an approach is not only detrimental to prognosis but also increases the risk of injury, so it is important for owners to understand how serious the consequences of feline aggression can be. Physical injury to people or animals and zoonotic infections are a very real danger since the cat is equipped with weapons in the form of claws and teeth. When feline aggression is targeted toward people, the danger it poses should never been underestimated. When the victims are children or elderly people with frail skin it is important to emphasise to owners that the potential injuries from cats are serious. The rate of bacterial contamination in cat bites is several times that in the dog, because bite punctures tend to be deep and a majority of cats harbour Pasteurella Multocida and other pathogens in their mouths. The victims of cat bite or scratch injuries may therefore be subject to what is commonly called ‘cat scratch disease’ and should seek medical attention.

The nature of aggressive responses in cats is strongly related to their natural behavioural responses and to their social and communication systems in the wild. The cat has a range of subtle body postures and facial expressions which can be used to diffuse tension and avoid physical conflict and, for a solitary hunter, this is important in order to prevent injury and consequent threat to the individual’s survival. In addition cats use a range of vocalisations to further increase the success of communication so that fighting is usually the ‘last resort’ defence strategy.

Warning Signs of Aggression

Important warning signs include:

  • Tail twitching
  • Flattening of the ears
  • Stiffening of the shoulders and legs
  • Dilatation of pupils
  • Hissing and spitting

It is very important that owners do not attempt to soothe or calm the cat when it is showing this behaviour. Cats that are frozen in a self-defensive crouch are very close to launching an attack when provoked. They should look away from the cat and slowly move away.

Aggression Towards People

The most common motivational causes of aggression from cats to people include fear, anxiety, frustration and misdirection of predatory instinct. These produce offensive and defensive patterns of aggression. In some cases the human victim may not be the primary target for the aggressive behaviour and a diagnosis of redirected aggression may be made, but from a therapeutic point of view the motivational diagnosis, which is appropriate to the cat’s response to the primary target, will be all important in formulating a successful treatment plan.


History Taking

Inter-cat aggression presents a particular problem because many of the aggressive incidents are not directly observed by the owner or may be misinterpreted when they are. Observation of the cat during the consultation is important but house visits may be preferable and when they are not possible consultation observation is is best augmented with video footage of the cat’s normal behaviour in its own surroundings. It is not acceptable to stage aggressive events for the purpose of making a diagnosis since this involves a serious risk of injury.

Important Aspects of History Taking

  • Historical description of aggressive incidents [starting with the first that the owner can remember]. Details of each incident should include location, persons/animals present, context, time, and target of the aggression.
  • The cat’s body posture and facial expression before, during, and after each incident give strong indications of its emotional state and intent.
  • The victim’s response before, during, and after each event should be recorded.
  • Relationship between cat and other animals in the household [allorubbing, allogrooming, play, aggression, fear-avoidance].
  • List of all situations in which low level aggression behaviour is seen [hissing, spitting, growling, eye contact, body posture].
  • List of stimuli/events that elicit fear or anxiety.

Immediate Intervention

In the UK cats are generally not regarded as property and therefore the implications of aggression by cats is very complex. Fights between cats belonging to neighbours can cause a great deal of ill-will but are unlikely to lead to successful litigation. However, injuries caused to a person or an animal, whilst in the home of the cat might be deemed the responsibility of the cat owner. Such injuries can, in some circumstances, be horrific.

It is therefore the owner’s duty to protect people and other animals from harm. Muzzling is not generally a viable option for cats, but the same basic safety provisions, such as exclusion from the room and provision of physical barriers between cat and victim, may be made as for aggressive dogs.

The cat’s primary response to threat is to avoid it or escape from it. The most critical aspect of managing aggressive cats is therefore to enable the cat to manage its fear in a non-aggressive way. Giving the cat escape routes and reliable places to hide will reduce its need to display aggression.

Only 25% of dog bites contain Pasteurella Multocida, compared to 50-74% of cat bites. Other bacteria may also be present, including Staphylococcus Aureus. This means that all cat bites that cause skin penetration or bleeding should be treated medically without delay. A course of antibiotics and anti-tetanus may be required.