Difference between revisions of "Risk Assessment and Prognosis of Feline Aggression"
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*Aggression is usually predictable, based on the pattern of events and stimuli that precede it, unless the stimuli are internal and not obvious to the observer (such as pain). | *Aggression is usually predictable, based on the pattern of events and stimuli that precede it, unless the stimuli are internal and not obvious to the observer (such as pain). | ||
| − | *To safely treat aggressive cats the motivation for the behaviour must be understood | + | *To safely treat aggressive cats the motivation for the behaviour must be understood. |
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| − | == | + | ==Injuries caused by cats== |
| − | There is limited data | + | There is limited available data on the prevalence of cat bite/scratch injuries. One Italian study using emergency department treatment records found a rate of 17.9 cases per 100,00, compared with 58.4 pr 100,000 in dogs<ref>Ostanello, F., Gherardi, A., Caprioli, A., La Placa, L., Passini, A., Prosperi, S. (2005) Incidence of injuries caused by dogs and cats treated in emergency departments in a major Italian city. Emerg Med J 2005;22:260–262.</ref>. Whereas dog bites cause crush, laceration and puncture wounds that become infected on 3-18% of occasions, cat bites usually cause a penetrating injury and 28-80% result in an infection that more often involves Pasteurella multocida and/or Staphylococcus aureus<ref>Davies, H.D. (2000) When your best friend bites: A note on dog and cat bites. Can J Infect Dis. 11(5). 227-229</ref>. Human facial injuries due to cat bites are particularly serious, as surgical repair cannot be carried out until microbial infection is eliminated and damaged tissue debrided. Injuries to the hands and feet can result in serious complicates, such as osteomyelitis. Another factor is the rising incidence of sharing of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus between animals and their owners, with infection cycling between the animal and its various human acquaintances, which could become a significant problem infected cat bites<ref>Oehler, R.L., Velez, A.P., Mizrachi, M., Lamarche, J., Gompf , S. (2009) Bite-related and septic syndromes caused by cats and dogs. Lancet Infect Dis. 9.439–47.</ref><br> |
| − | Cat scratch disease is a common and mostly benign condition caused by post-scratch infection with the gram negative bacteria | + | Cat scratch disease is a common and mostly benign condition caused by post-scratch infection with the gram negative bacteria Bartonella henselae or Bartonella quintana<ref>Klotz, S.A., Ianas, V., Elliott, S.P. (2011). "Cat-scratch Disease". Am Fam Physician. 83(2). 152–5.</ref>. Symptoms are usually seen within 7-14 days of injury, but can take up to 2 months. Symptoms include headache, joint and muscular pains, but severe cases can result in menigioencephalitis or endocarditis<ref>Klotz, S.A., Ianas, V., Elliott, S.P. (2011). "Cat-scratch Disease". Am Fam Physician. 83(2). 152–5.</ref>. The main hazard due to Cats are generally less likely to came injury to people than dogs, as their primary response to threat is escape and avoidance. The greatest risk of injury is when handling cats, but some cats will actively seek out and attack people. |
==Risk Assessment== | ==Risk Assessment== | ||
| − | Risk assessment in | + | Risk assessment in aggression is an are that requires proper investigation. There is also little scientific data to provide a reliable means of prognostication. However, the following factors should be taken into account: |
* Frequency of aggressive incidents, which have resulted in physical injury, in the past. | * Frequency of aggressive incidents, which have resulted in physical injury, in the past. | ||
* Level of physical damage caused in previous incidents. | * Level of physical damage caused in previous incidents. | ||
| − | * Predictability of aggressive incidents (what events and stimuli elicit aggression, and whether the cat provides adequate warning | + | * Predictability of aggressive incidents (what events and stimuli elicit aggression, and whether the cat provides adequate warning if its action). |
* Manageability of the behaviour: what measures can be taken to minimise risk of injury. | * Manageability of the behaviour: what measures can be taken to minimise risk of injury. | ||
| − | If bites | + | If bites have been frequent and unpredictable and with little warning, and it is difficult to institute measures that alleviate risk of injury, then risk is high. |
| − | Unless the damage caused by previous bites has been minimal, and the underlying cause for the aggression can be treated effectively then the prognosis | + | Unless the damage caused by previous bites has been minimal, and the underlying cause for the aggression can be treated effectively then the prognosis if poor. |
| − | Making an assessment of the owner's willingness and ability | + | Making an assessment of the owner's willingness and ability of comply with treatment and management instructs if critical; poor compliance can lead to serious injury. |
After a problem has been successfully treated, there may still be an ongoing risk of incidents, and risk management may need to be continued for the remainder of the cat's life. | After a problem has been successfully treated, there may still be an ongoing risk of incidents, and risk management may need to be continued for the remainder of the cat's life. | ||
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==Predictability== | ==Predictability== | ||
| − | The apparent predictability of attacks is crucial | + | The apparent predictability of attacks is of crucial importance in managing and treating aggressive cats. '''Very rarely is aggression truly unpredictable''', unless the stimulus that triggers it is an internal one that is not obvious to the observer, e.g. certain kinds of pain or medical disorders. Once the pattern of the cat’s behaviour has been established, then management is much easier and it is also possible to identify any departures from this pattern, which might indicate that the problem is expanding or getting more dangerous. |
| − | ==== | + | ====Signs to Predict Aggression==== |
| − | + | Aggression is often labelled as ‘unpredictable’ when this is rarely the case. Usually there is a discernable pattern to the cat’s behaviour: | |
| + | *Any warnings the cat gives (eye contact, posture, growling, hissing) | ||
| + | *Any avoidant behaviour the cat carries out, including freezing | ||
| + | *Timing (certain times of day) | ||
| + | *Relationship to events or activities (territorial trigger, arrival of a visitor, play, grooming, feeding, owner departure from the house, etc.) | ||
| + | *Presence of certain stimuli (a noise, another cat, unfamiliar people, etc). | ||
| + | *Relationship to the actions of a person (raised hand, shouting/shrieking, sudden movements, cornering the cat, picking the cat up). | ||
| − | + | To safely treat aggressive cats, the motivation for every aggressive incident must be thoroughly understood and a pattern of behaviour identified if possible. The owner should be asked to describe what happened at each event, and not to interpret what happened. The first priority is to use this information to prevent injury. If attacks were truly unpredictable then this would constitute a serious and unavoidable risk that would not be acceptable. | |
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| − | + | ==Prognosis== | |
| − | + | Prognosis depends upon the '''owner’s commitment''' to carry out what may be a lengthy course of behavioural therapy, alongside making potentially permanent changes to the cat’s husbandry and [[Effect of Environment on Feline Behaviour|environment]]. | |
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| − | + | In cases where cats are being asked to live in large feline groups with several unrelated individuals it is important to consider the welfare implications for the cats concerned. In cases of [[Feline Aggression Towards Other Cats in the Same Household|inter-cat aggression]] within the household, re-homing should be considered as a viable treatment option rather than a sign of therapeutic failure. Despotic cats that terrorise the neighbourhood carry a poor prognosis unless there is considerable co-operation between owners with regards to confinement, either permanent or on a rota basis. | |
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| − | + | The nature of the aggressive behaviour is important. '''Defensive behaviour has a better prognosis''' because it is possible to reduce the perception of threat and to provide the cat with alternative opportunities to deal with fear (such as through escape or avoidance behaviour). '''Offensive aggression carries a more guarded prognosis''' unless full recovery from some underlying medical pathology can be achieved. [[Hyperthyroidism|Hyperthyroid cats]], for example, carry a good prognosis for reform once the underlying pathology has been treated. | |
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| − | The ''' | ||
| − | '''Owners often find it difficult to be objective regarding progress''' in cases of feline aggression and there can be a considerable | + | Other indicators of a good prognosis include selection of alternative coping strategies, such as retreating and hiding in cats that are fearful or anxious, and improvements in effective [[Feline Communication Behaviour|feline communication]] between warring cats in the same household. Decrease in both the intensity and the frequency of the aggressive incidents should be seen as favourable prognostic signs. '''Owners often find it difficult to be objective regarding progress''' in cases of feline aggression and there can be a considerable differential between actual change and the owner’s perception of alterations in the cat’s behaviour. It is therefore essential to persuade owners to keep a daily diary and to record all aggressive incidents, together with notes about the context or trigger for the behaviour. Likewise a record should be kept of affiliative behaviour because a shift in the balance between these types of behaviour is a strong indicator of change. |
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
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[[Category:Feline Aggression]] | [[Category:Feline Aggression]] | ||
| + | [[Category:To Do - Behaviour References]] | ||
| + | [[Category:JBowen reviewing]] | ||
Revision as of 12:32, 4 July 2014
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Injuries caused by cats
There is limited available data on the prevalence of cat bite/scratch injuries. One Italian study using emergency department treatment records found a rate of 17.9 cases per 100,00, compared with 58.4 pr 100,000 in dogs[1]. Whereas dog bites cause crush, laceration and puncture wounds that become infected on 3-18% of occasions, cat bites usually cause a penetrating injury and 28-80% result in an infection that more often involves Pasteurella multocida and/or Staphylococcus aureus[2]. Human facial injuries due to cat bites are particularly serious, as surgical repair cannot be carried out until microbial infection is eliminated and damaged tissue debrided. Injuries to the hands and feet can result in serious complicates, such as osteomyelitis. Another factor is the rising incidence of sharing of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus between animals and their owners, with infection cycling between the animal and its various human acquaintances, which could become a significant problem infected cat bites[3]
Cat scratch disease is a common and mostly benign condition caused by post-scratch infection with the gram negative bacteria Bartonella henselae or Bartonella quintana[4]. Symptoms are usually seen within 7-14 days of injury, but can take up to 2 months. Symptoms include headache, joint and muscular pains, but severe cases can result in menigioencephalitis or endocarditis[5]. The main hazard due to Cats are generally less likely to came injury to people than dogs, as their primary response to threat is escape and avoidance. The greatest risk of injury is when handling cats, but some cats will actively seek out and attack people.
Risk Assessment
Risk assessment in aggression is an are that requires proper investigation. There is also little scientific data to provide a reliable means of prognostication. However, the following factors should be taken into account:
- Frequency of aggressive incidents, which have resulted in physical injury, in the past.
- Level of physical damage caused in previous incidents.
- Predictability of aggressive incidents (what events and stimuli elicit aggression, and whether the cat provides adequate warning if its action).
- Manageability of the behaviour: what measures can be taken to minimise risk of injury.
If bites have been frequent and unpredictable and with little warning, and it is difficult to institute measures that alleviate risk of injury, then risk is high. Unless the damage caused by previous bites has been minimal, and the underlying cause for the aggression can be treated effectively then the prognosis if poor.
Making an assessment of the owner's willingness and ability of comply with treatment and management instructs if critical; poor compliance can lead to serious injury. After a problem has been successfully treated, there may still be an ongoing risk of incidents, and risk management may need to be continued for the remainder of the cat's life.
In many cases cats show inhibited behaviour and subtle initial signs of fear or anxiety. Clients must be able to identify these in order to fully understand the cat’s behaviour.
Predictability
The apparent predictability of attacks is of crucial importance in managing and treating aggressive cats. Very rarely is aggression truly unpredictable, unless the stimulus that triggers it is an internal one that is not obvious to the observer, e.g. certain kinds of pain or medical disorders. Once the pattern of the cat’s behaviour has been established, then management is much easier and it is also possible to identify any departures from this pattern, which might indicate that the problem is expanding or getting more dangerous.
Signs to Predict Aggression
Aggression is often labelled as ‘unpredictable’ when this is rarely the case. Usually there is a discernable pattern to the cat’s behaviour:
- Any warnings the cat gives (eye contact, posture, growling, hissing)
- Any avoidant behaviour the cat carries out, including freezing
- Timing (certain times of day)
- Relationship to events or activities (territorial trigger, arrival of a visitor, play, grooming, feeding, owner departure from the house, etc.)
- Presence of certain stimuli (a noise, another cat, unfamiliar people, etc).
- Relationship to the actions of a person (raised hand, shouting/shrieking, sudden movements, cornering the cat, picking the cat up).
To safely treat aggressive cats, the motivation for every aggressive incident must be thoroughly understood and a pattern of behaviour identified if possible. The owner should be asked to describe what happened at each event, and not to interpret what happened. The first priority is to use this information to prevent injury. If attacks were truly unpredictable then this would constitute a serious and unavoidable risk that would not be acceptable.
Prognosis
Prognosis depends upon the owner’s commitment to carry out what may be a lengthy course of behavioural therapy, alongside making potentially permanent changes to the cat’s husbandry and environment.
In cases where cats are being asked to live in large feline groups with several unrelated individuals it is important to consider the welfare implications for the cats concerned. In cases of inter-cat aggression within the household, re-homing should be considered as a viable treatment option rather than a sign of therapeutic failure. Despotic cats that terrorise the neighbourhood carry a poor prognosis unless there is considerable co-operation between owners with regards to confinement, either permanent or on a rota basis.
The nature of the aggressive behaviour is important. Defensive behaviour has a better prognosis because it is possible to reduce the perception of threat and to provide the cat with alternative opportunities to deal with fear (such as through escape or avoidance behaviour). Offensive aggression carries a more guarded prognosis unless full recovery from some underlying medical pathology can be achieved. Hyperthyroid cats, for example, carry a good prognosis for reform once the underlying pathology has been treated.
Other indicators of a good prognosis include selection of alternative coping strategies, such as retreating and hiding in cats that are fearful or anxious, and improvements in effective feline communication between warring cats in the same household. Decrease in both the intensity and the frequency of the aggressive incidents should be seen as favourable prognostic signs. Owners often find it difficult to be objective regarding progress in cases of feline aggression and there can be a considerable differential between actual change and the owner’s perception of alterations in the cat’s behaviour. It is therefore essential to persuade owners to keep a daily diary and to record all aggressive incidents, together with notes about the context or trigger for the behaviour. Likewise a record should be kept of affiliative behaviour because a shift in the balance between these types of behaviour is a strong indicator of change.
References
- ↑ Ostanello, F., Gherardi, A., Caprioli, A., La Placa, L., Passini, A., Prosperi, S. (2005) Incidence of injuries caused by dogs and cats treated in emergency departments in a major Italian city. Emerg Med J 2005;22:260–262.
- ↑ Davies, H.D. (2000) When your best friend bites: A note on dog and cat bites. Can J Infect Dis. 11(5). 227-229
- ↑ Oehler, R.L., Velez, A.P., Mizrachi, M., Lamarche, J., Gompf , S. (2009) Bite-related and septic syndromes caused by cats and dogs. Lancet Infect Dis. 9.439–47.
- ↑ Klotz, S.A., Ianas, V., Elliott, S.P. (2011). "Cat-scratch Disease". Am Fam Physician. 83(2). 152–5.
- ↑ Klotz, S.A., Ianas, V., Elliott, S.P. (2011). "Cat-scratch Disease". Am Fam Physician. 83(2). 152–5.