Difference between revisions of "Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology"
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− | + | <big><center>[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO ALIMENTARY - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big> | |
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
− | The oesophagus (or gullet) is a muscular tube which transports food from the | + | The oesophagus (or gullet) is a muscular tube which transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. A bolus of food is passed down the oesophagus by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsis| peristalsis]. |
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+ | The oesophagus is devided into cevical, thoracic and abdominal sections. | ||
+ | |||
==Structure and Function== | ==Structure and Function== | ||
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− | + | [[Image:Oesophagus anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Oesophagus Anatomy - Copywright RVC 2008]] | |
− | + | *Begins dorsal to cricoid cartilage of larynx | |
− | + | ||
− | + | *Follows trachea down neck, first on the left and then medially once in thorax in the mediastinum | |
− | + | ||
+ | *Passes over [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] then through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Passes over the dorsal border of the liver then joins the stomach at the cardia | ||
+ | |||
+ | *The cervical section is accompanied by the common carotid artery, the vagosympathetic trunk and the recurrent laryngeal nerves | ||
+ | |||
+ | *The thoracic section is accompanied by the right and left vagus nerves (CN X) | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Different proportions of striated muscle across the species | ||
+ | -Dog and ruminant = 100% | ||
+ | -Cat = 80% (rostral) | ||
+ | -Horse = 65% (rostral) | ||
+ | -Pig = 33% (rostral) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
==Histology== | ==Histology== | ||
− | |||
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− | + | [[Image:Oesophagus Histology.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Oesophagus Histology (Rat) - Copywright RVC 2008]] | |
+ | *Stratified squamous epithelium | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Mucosal folds for distension | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Degree of keratinisation depend on diet | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Lamina propria contains collagen and elastic fibres sparsely distributed | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Lamina muscularis is smooth muscle | ||
+ | |||
+ | *No glands in mucosa | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Mucous glands (tubulo-acinar) present in submucosa | ||
− | + | *Inner circular layer of tunica muscularis thickens near gastric junction forming a sphincter | |
+ | [[Image:Oesophagus Structure Diagram.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Oesophagus Structure Diagram - Copywright NOTTINGHAM 2008]] | ||
==Innervation== | ==Innervation== | ||
− | + | *Sympathetic nerves | |
+ | |||
+ | *Parasympathetic from the vagus nerve (CN X) and recurrent laryngeal nerves | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Myenteric plexus extends the length of the oesophagus | ||
+ | |||
==Species Differences== | ==Species Differences== | ||
− | Mucous glands | + | *Mucous glands present in horse, cats and ruminants only at pharyngeal-oesophageal junction |
+ | |||
+ | *Thick and strong sphincter of tunica muscularis in dogs and pigs | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Ruminants, horse and pig have stratified squamous epithelium continuing from oesophagus into stomach. carnivores have an abrupt transition to columnar epithelium. | ||
+ | |||
+ | '''Canine''' | ||
+ | *Canid has no keratinisation | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Lamina muscularis present caudally in dogs (spirally aranged) | ||
− | + | *Lamina muscularis absent cranially in dogs | |
− | |||
− | + | *Mucous glands throughout in dog but more abundant caudally | |
− | |||
− | + | '''Equine''' | |
− | + | *Horse has some keratinisation | |
− | + | '''Ruminant''' | |
− | + | *Ruminant has a lot of keratinisation | |
− | + | '''Porcine''' | |
− | + | *Lamina muscularis present caudally in pigs (very thick) | |
− | + | *Lamina muscularis absent cranially in pigs | |
+ | |||
+ | *Pig has some keratinisation | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Mucous glands abundant cranially but absent caudally in pig | ||
− | ''' | + | '''Avian''' |
+ | *Avian differences- [[Crop- Anatomy and Physiology|the crop]] | ||
− | + | *Ducks have an oesophangeal tonsil present in the caudal segment of oesophagus | |
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− | == | + | ==Links== |
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− | [[ | + | [[Oesophagus|Oesophagus Pathology]] |
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Revision as of 15:02, 7 July 2008
Introduction
The oesophagus (or gullet) is a muscular tube which transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. A bolus of food is passed down the oesophagus by peristalsis.
The oesophagus is devided into cevical, thoracic and abdominal sections.
Structure and Function
- Begins dorsal to cricoid cartilage of larynx
- Follows trachea down neck, first on the left and then medially once in thorax in the mediastinum
- Passes over heart then through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
- Passes over the dorsal border of the liver then joins the stomach at the cardia
- The cervical section is accompanied by the common carotid artery, the vagosympathetic trunk and the recurrent laryngeal nerves
- The thoracic section is accompanied by the right and left vagus nerves (CN X)
- Different proportions of striated muscle across the species
-Dog and ruminant = 100% -Cat = 80% (rostral) -Horse = 65% (rostral) -Pig = 33% (rostral)
Histology
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Mucosal folds for distension
- Degree of keratinisation depend on diet
- Lamina propria contains collagen and elastic fibres sparsely distributed
- Lamina muscularis is smooth muscle
- No glands in mucosa
- Mucous glands (tubulo-acinar) present in submucosa
- Inner circular layer of tunica muscularis thickens near gastric junction forming a sphincter
Innervation
- Sympathetic nerves
- Parasympathetic from the vagus nerve (CN X) and recurrent laryngeal nerves
- Myenteric plexus extends the length of the oesophagus
Species Differences
- Mucous glands present in horse, cats and ruminants only at pharyngeal-oesophageal junction
- Thick and strong sphincter of tunica muscularis in dogs and pigs
- Ruminants, horse and pig have stratified squamous epithelium continuing from oesophagus into stomach. carnivores have an abrupt transition to columnar epithelium.
Canine
- Canid has no keratinisation
- Lamina muscularis present caudally in dogs (spirally aranged)
- Lamina muscularis absent cranially in dogs
- Mucous glands throughout in dog but more abundant caudally
Equine
- Horse has some keratinisation
Ruminant
- Ruminant has a lot of keratinisation
Porcine
- Lamina muscularis present caudally in pigs (very thick)
- Lamina muscularis absent cranially in pigs
- Pig has some keratinisation
- Mucous glands abundant cranially but absent caudally in pig
Avian
- Avian differences- the crop
- Ducks have an oesophangeal tonsil present in the caudal segment of oesophagus