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| | + | <big><center>[[Female Reproductive Tract - The Ovary|'''BACK TO Reproductive System]]</center></big> |
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| | ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
| − | The ovary is the female Gonad homologous to the male Testes. It is usually a paired organ in domestic species, but in the bird only the left Ovary is present. The structures found within the ovary are undergoing constant changes throughout the oestrus cycle from the [[Follicles_- Anatomy & Physiology|Follicles]] containing [[Oogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|Oocytes]], to the formation of [[Corpus Haemorrhagicum - Anatomy & Physiology|Corpus Haemorrhagicum]], [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|Corpus Luteum]], and finally [[Corpus_Luteum_-_Anatomy_&_Physiology|Corpus Albicans]]. Ovaries are ellipsoidal in shape with an irregular surface due to the projection of dominant follicles and corpora lutea. These irregularities are absent in the mare due to the cortex and medulla being reversed with ovulation only occuring from the ovulation fossa. They are greatest in [[Litter Sizes - Anatomy & Physiology|Polytocious]] animals such as the sow due to many dominant follicles, and so corpora lutea, developing at once.
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| − | ==Anatomical Location==
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| − | * In the '''dog and cat''', ovaries do not migrate in development. They remain in the dorsal part of the abdomen, caudal to the [[Urinary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology#The_Kidney|kidneys]] at the tip of the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterine horns]].
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| − | * In other domestic species, the ovaries migrate during development.
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| − | * The greatest degree of migration occurs in '''ruminants'''. Here, the ovaries come to lie close to the ventral abdominal wall, cranial to the pelvic inlet.
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| − | * In the '''pig''', they descend to the middle of the abdomen.
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| − | * In the '''mare''', they are located ~8-10 cm ventral to the dorsal wall of the abdomen.
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| − | * In all domestic species except the horse, ovaries are ellipsoidal in shape and their surface has large follicles and corpora lutea.
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| − | * The ovaries of the mare are kidney shaped and the surface is smooth.
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| − | *The ovaries are suspended in the abdominal cavity by the Mesovarium of the [[Broad Ligament - Anatomy & Physiology|Broad Ligament]].
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| − | ==Structure== | + | ==Anatomical Boundaries== |
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| − | === Outer Tunica Albuginea ===
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| − | *Connective tissue layer covering the ovarian cortex.
| + | ==Histology and Innervation== |
| − | *Overlying this structure is a single layered Germinal epithelium.
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| − | === Ovarian Cortex ===
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| − | *Contains:
| + | ==Links== |
| − | ** [[Follicles_- Anatomy & Physiology|Follicles]] in various stages of development
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| − | ** [[Corpus Luteum_- Anatomy & Physiology|Corpus Luteum]] (includes Corpus Haemorrhagicum and Corpus Albicans)
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| − | === Ovarian Medulla === | |
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| − | *The Medulla is made up of dense connective tissue. This is where all of the lymphatics, nerves and vasculature of the Ovary are found.
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| − | ==== The Mare ====
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| − | [[Image:Mare Ovary.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Ovaries of a Mare showing the Ovulation Fossa- Courtesy of A.Crook, Copyright RVC 2008]]
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| − | * The structure of the ovary is reversed.
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| − | * The cortex is in the centre, follicles develop here.
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| − | * This layer is enclosed by a dense, richly vascularised connective tissue layer which is analagous to the medulla of other domestic mammals.
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| − | * The cortex reaches the surface of the ovary at the ovulation fossa, a deep indentation at the free margin. This is where mature follicles rupture in ovulation, as opposed to at various points on the surface in other domestic mammals.
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| − | * Follicles can be identified by transrectal palpation, but Corpora Lutea cannot. Identification of Corpora Lutea requires ultrasonography.
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| − | ==Histology==
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| − | [[Image:Ovary low magnification.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Histological Section of a Rabbit Ovary under Low Power- Courtesy of J.Bredl, Copyright RVC 2008]]
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| − | === Stroma ===
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| − | * The body of the ovary (ovarian stroma) consists of:
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| − | ** spindle-shaped cells
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| − | ** fine collagen fibres
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| − | ** ground substance
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| − | * Stromal cells resemble fibroblasts, but some contain lipid droplets.
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| − | * Bundles of [[Muscles_- Anatomy & Physiology#Smooth_Muscle|smooth muscle]] cells are scattered throughout the stroma.
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| − | === Cortex ===
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| − | * Follicles containing oocytes in various stages of development.
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| − | * Atretic Follicles
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| − | * Corpora lutea
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| − | * Corpora albicans
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| − | * The superficial cortex is more fibrotic than the deep, and is called the tunica albuginea.
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| − | * On the surface of the ovary is the germinal epithelium. This is a continuation of the peritoneum.
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| − | === Medulla ===
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| − | * Highly vascular
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| − | * Contains hilus cells, which are similar to the Leydig cells of the [[Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology#The_Testes|testes]].
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| − | ==Vasculature==
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| − | === Arterial Supply ===
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| − | * The ovarian artery (a branch of the Aorta) and ovarian branches of the Uterine artery form anastomoses in the mesovarium and the [[Broad Ligament - Anatomy & Physiology|broad ligament]].
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| − | * From this arterial plexus ~10 coiled Helicine arteries enter the hilus of the ovary.
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| − | * Smaller branches form a plexus at the corticomedullary junction, giving rise to straight Cortical arterioles, which radiate into the cortex.
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| − | * Here they branch and anastomose to form vascular arcades, which give rise to a rich capillary network around follicles.
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| − | === Venous Drainage ===
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| − | * Venous drainage follows the course of the arterial system.
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| − | * Medullary veins are large and tortuous.
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| − | * The Ovarian Artery is closely associated with the Uterine Vein. This is important for the transfer of luteolytic PGF2α from the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|Uterus]] to the Ovary.
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| − | == Lymphatics ==
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| − | * Arise in the perifollicular stroma.
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| − | * Drain into larger vessels, which coil around the medullary veins.
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| − | == Innervation ==
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| − | * Sympathetic fibres of the autonomic nervous system supply blood vessels and terminate on [[Muscles_- Anatomy & Physiology#Smooth_Muscle|smooth muscle]] cells in the stroma around follicles.
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| − | * May play a role in follicular maturation and ovulation, but the main control is via the endocrine system.
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| − | ==Function==
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| − | It has two main functions:
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| − | * Producing the female gametes [[Oogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|oocytes]] via Gametogenesis.
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| − | * Producing the reproductive hormones Oestrogens and Progesterone, an [[Endocrine_System_- Anatomy & Physiology|endocrine function]].
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| − | ==Processes Taking Place In The Ovary==
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| − | === [[Oogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|Oogenesis]] ===
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| − | === [[Follicles_- Anatomy & Physiology|Folliculogenesis]] ===
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| − | === [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Ovulation]] ===
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| − | === [[Corpus Luteum Formation - Anatomy & Physiology|Corpus Luteum Formation]] ===
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| − | === [[Corpus Luteum Regression - Anatomy & Physiology|Corpus Luteum Regression]] ===
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| − | {{Template:Learning
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| − | |powerpoints = [[Female Reproductive Tract Histology resource|Histology of the female reproductive tract]]
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| − | |videos = [[Video: Porcine uterus potcast|Potcast of the porcine ovaries and uterus]]<br>[[Video: Bovine Pregnant Uterus|Potcast of the bovine pregnant uterus]]<br>[[Video: Mare ovary and uterus dissection|Mare ovary and uterus dissection]]<br>[[Video: Bisected ovary from the mare potcast|Bisected ovary from the mare potcast]]
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| − | }}
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| − | ==Webinars==
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| − | <rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/urogenital-and-reproduction/webinars/feed</rss>
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| − | [[Category:Female Reproduction]]
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| − | [[Category:Bullet Points]]
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