Changes

== Oilseed Meals (Soyabean, Cottonseed, Rapeseed, Linseed, Sunflowerseed meals) ==<!----Write below this line--->

== Oilseed Meals ==

These include: '''Soyabean, Cottonseed, Rapeseed, Linseed, Sunflowerseed meals'''<br>

===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->

===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->

Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family.  Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds.  They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals.  <br>

Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family.  Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds.  They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals.  <br>

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===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line--->

===Associated Problems===

Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins.  Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols.  Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins.  Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide.  Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels.    <br><br><br>

Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins.  Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols.  Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins.  Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide.  Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels.    <br><br><br>

==Leguminous Seeds (Peas, Beans (broad, horse, Windsor) and Lupin seeds)== <!----Write below this line--->

==Leguminous Seeds ==

===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line--->

These include: '''Peas, Beans (broad, horse, Windsor) and Lupin seeds'''<br>

[[File:Peas - Studio - 2011.jpg|Peas|200px]]

===Characteristics===

Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds.  Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium.  Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground).  They are often used in place of other protein concentrations.  <br>

Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds.  Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium.  Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground).  They are often used in place of other protein concentrations.  <br>

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==Fishmeal== <!----Write below this line--->

==Fishmeal== <!----Write below this line--->

There are other types of animal protein such as meat & bone and blood meal.  However, due to the UK and EU restrictions ruminants and non-ruminants must not be fed processed meat & bone or blood meal.  Only farmed fish are permitted bloodmeal.  <br>

There are other types of animal protein such as meat & bone and blood meal.  However, due to the UK and EU restrictions ruminants and non-ruminants must not be fed processed meat & bone or blood meal.  Only farmed fish are permitted bloodmeal.  <br>

==Urea== <!----Write below this line--->

==Urea== <!----Write below this line--->

 

====Characteristics====<!----Write below this line--->

====Characteristics====<!----Write below this line--->

A misnomer as not technically a protein, but it does have a CP equivalent to 2,900g/kg DM.  In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia.  Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks.  Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage.   

A misnomer as not technically a protein, but it does have a CP equivalent to 2,900g/kg DM.  In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia.  Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks.  Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage.   

Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity.  Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death.     

Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity.  Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death.     

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