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==What is Threonine?==

==What is Threonine?==

Threonine is an essential amino acid for dogs and cats. Threonine is characterised as a gluconeogenic amino acid and contains a hydroxyl side chain which is chemically reactive. Dietary threonine is absorbed by a neutral amino acid transporter in the small intestine (particularly the jejunum) and plasma threonine is actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule of the kidney.

Threonine is an [[Amino Acids Overview - Nutrition|'''essential amino acid]] for dogs and cats'''. Threonine is characterised as a '''[[Nutrition Glossary#Glucogenic Amino Acids|gluconeogenic]]''' amino acid and contains a hydroxyl side chain which is chemically reactive. Dietary threonine is absorbed by a neutral amino acid transporter in the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] (particularly the [[Jejunum - Anatomy & Physiology|jejunum]]) and plasma threonine is actively reabsorbed in the [[Nephron Microscopic Anatomy#Proximal Tubule|proximal tubule]] of the kidney.

==Why is it Important?==

==Why is it Important?==

Threonine is a component of structural proteins. The hydroxyl group on the side chain of threonine often serves as the site for phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation reactions that control the activities of many proteins and enzymes<ref>National Research Council (NRC). Protein and Amino Acids. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p. 130-131.</ref>.

Threonine is a '''component of structural [[Protein Overview - Nutrition|proteins]]'''. The hydroxyl group on the side chain of threonine often serves as the site for phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation reactions that control the activities of many proteins and enzymes<ref>National Research Council (NRC). Protein and Amino Acids. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p. 130-131.</ref>.

==Roles in the body==

==Roles in the body==

The phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the threonine hydroxyl groups on proteins by either is serine/threonine kinase or serine/threonine phosphatase, respectively, controls activity of normal physiologic function, such as insulin release<ref>Ortsader H, et al. Protein phosphatase in pancreatic islets. J Endo 2014;221:R121-R144.</ref> or cellular apoptosis<ref>Depaoli-Roach AA, et al. Serine/threonine protein phosphatases in the control of cell function. Adv Enz Regul 1994;34:199-224. </ref>.

The phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the threonine hydroxyl groups on proteins is by either serine/threonine kinase or serine/threonine phosphatase, respectively, and controls activity of normal physiologic function, such as [[insulin]] release<ref>Ortsader H, et al. Protein phosphatase in pancreatic islets. J Endo 2014;221:R121-R144.</ref> or cellular apoptosis<ref>Depaoli-Roach AA, et al. Serine/threonine protein phosphatases in the control of cell function. Adv Enz Regul 1994;34:199-224. </ref>.

==Consequences of Threonine Deficiency==

==Consequences of Threonine Deficiency==

==Dietary Sources==

==Dietary Sources==

Sufficient threonine is found in plant and animal protein sources, such as muscle meat, eggs, dairy protein (e.g., casein), cereal grains, and pulses (i.e., legumes).

Sufficient threonine is found in plant and animal protein sources, such as muscle meat, eggs, dairy protein (e.g. casein), cereal grains, and pulses (i.e. legumes).

==Diagnosing Threonine Deficiency==

==Diagnosing Threonine Deficiency==

==References==

==References==

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[[Category:Amino Acids]]

[[Category:Amino Acids]]