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==Scientific Classification==

==Introduction==

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"

[[File:Hookworms.jpg|thumb|Image of ''Ancylostoma caninum''<br><small>Copyright Joel Mills 2006 Wikimedia Commons]]</small>

| Kingdom

''Uncinaria stenocephala'' is a hookworm of dogs that belong to the superfamily [[:Category:Ancylostomatoidea|Ancylostomatoidea]].  This superfamily contains exotic hookworms that infect man and animals.  Unlike the other dog hookworm, [[Ancylostoma caninum|''Ancylostoma caninum'']], ''U. stenocephala'' occurs in cool and temperate climates including that of the UK.  The details of the life-cycle are given [[Ancylostomatoidea Life-Cycle|elsewhere]] but it should be noted that the infection is mainly acquired by ingestion of L3 larvae and, unlike ''A. caninum'', L3 larvae are not passed to neonates by the trans-mammary route.

| Ancylostomatoidea

| '''U. stenocephala'''

|-}

==Description==

==Identification==

Unlike [[Ancylostoma caninum|''Ancylostoma caninum'']], ''U. stenocephala'' occurs in cool and temperate climates including that of the UK.  The details of the life-cycle are given [[Ancylostomatoidea - Life-cycle|elsewhere]] but the infection is mainly acquired by ingestion of L3 larvae and, unlike ''A. caninum'', L3 larvae are not passed to neonates by the trans-mammary route.  ''U. stenocephala'' can be recognised on examination under a microscope by its large, dorsally curved, buccal capsule which contains cutting plates at the ventral edge.  A single pair of small teeth are also found within the ventral capsule.  Adults bury their heads deep in the wall of the small intestine and feed on plugs of mucosa.

''U. stenocephala'' can be recognised on examination under a microscope by its large, dorsally curved, buccal capsule which contains cutting plates at the ventral edge.  A single pair of small teeth are also found within the ventral capsule.  Adults bury their heads deep in the wall of the small intestine and feed on plugs of mucosa.

 

==Epidemiology==

==Epidemiology==

The larvae of ''U. stenocpehala'' require moist conditions for development to the L3 stage and clinical disease is reported most frequently in dogs kept in wet confined conditions where larvae build up to high levels.  Common situations include grass runs, wet concrete pens (especially if the surface is very pitted and able to retain moisture) and in areas contaminated by foxes which also act as definitive hosts.  Certain groups of dogs are therefore particularly affected, including '''greyhounds''' in densely-populated racing kennels, '''fox hounds''', '''sheepdogs''' and dogs in '''rural environments'''.  Since eggs also require warmth for development, most infections are also seen in summer.

The larvae of ''U. stenocephala'' require moist conditions for development to the L3 stage and clinical disease is reported most frequently in dogs kept in wet confined conditions where larvae build up to high levels.  Common situations include grass runs, wet concrete pens (especially if the surface is very pitted and able to retain moisture) and in areas contaminated by foxes which also act as definitive hosts.  Certain groups of dogs are therefore particularly affected, including '''greyhounds''' in densely-populated racing kennels, '''fox hounds''', '''sheepdogs''' and dogs in '''rural environments'''.  Since eggs also require warmth for development, most infections are also seen in summer.

==Clinical Disease===

==Clinical Disease==

Since adult worms are mucosal plug feeders, anaemia is not usually a feature of infection with ''U. stenocephala'' and most infections are asymptomatic.  Where clinical signs are seen, the follwoing patterns may be expected:

Since adult worms are mucosal plug feeders, anaemia is not usually a feature of infection with ''U. stenocephala'' and most infections are asymptomatic.  Where clinical signs are seen, the following patterns may be expected:

*'''[[Protein Losing Enteropathy|Protein-losing enteropathy]]''' caused by loss of protein to adults feeding in the small intestine.

*'''[[Protein Losing Enteropathy|Protein-losing enteropathy]]''' caused by loss of protein to adults feeding in the small intestine.

*'''[[Hookworm Dermatosis|Dermatitis]]''' caused by the cutaneous migration of L3 larvae that are killed before they are able to enter the blood.  Larvae which penetrate the skin rarely develop to maturity even in young naive puppies but they will cause reactions in older animals that have become sensitised by previous exposure, especially on the paws and elbows.

*'''[[Hookworm Dermatosis|Dermatitis]]''' caused by the cutaneous migration of L3 larvae that are killed before they are able to enter the blood.  Larvae which penetrate the skin rarely develop to maturity even in young naive puppies but they will cause reactions in older animals that have become sensitised by previous exposure, especially on the paws and elbows.

==Zoonotic Potential==

==Zoonotic Potential==

Like ''A. caninum'', ''U. stenocephala'' may be a cause of '''cutaneous larva migrans''' in humans. The L3 larvae penetrate the skin and migrate for up to two weeks before they are killed by the development of an immune response. The larvae are acquired in tropical locations where bare skin comes into contact with sand or warm moist soil. The larvae are thought to lack the collagenolytic enzymes that would allow them to penetrate into the dermis and complete their life-cycle and instead, they continue to migrate in the superficial layers of the skin at a rate of up to 2 cm per day. Small serpiginous (snake-like) tunnels may be seen to radiate from the initial point of penetration. The disease is usually treated with thiabendazole. This disease is one of several referred to as cutaneous larva migrans, with other causes including migration of avian schistosome, ''Strongyloides westeri'' and ''papillosus'' and ''Pelodera strongyloides'' larvae.  

Hookworms are able to cause a disease called [[Cutaneous Larva Migrans]] in humans.

 

|chapterlink = http://www.mansonpublishing.co.uk/book-images/9781893441606_sample.pdf

|chaptername = Image and parasite overview

|book = Parasitology - Diagnosis and Treament of Common Parasitisms in Dogs and Cats

|author = Dwight Bowman, Elizabeth Fogarty, Stephen Charles Barr

 

 

|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22+Uncinaria+stenocephala%22%29 ''Uncinaria stenocephala'' publications]

|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=nematode Nematodes]

 

[[Category:Ancylostomatoidea]][[Category:Dog_Nematodes]]

[[Category:Ancylostomatoidea]][[Category:Dog_Nematodes]]