Difference between revisions of "Dictyocaulus arnfieldi"

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{{unfinished}}
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{{OpenPagesTop}}
 
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{{Taxobox
 +
|name              =''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
 +
|kingdom            =
 +
|phylum            =
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|class              =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
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|sub-class          =
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|order              =
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|super-family      =[[Trichostrongyloidea]]
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|family            =
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|sub-family        =
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|genus              =Dictyocaulus
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|species            ='''''D. arnfieldi'''''
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}}
 
[[Image:Dictyocaulus arnfieldi.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' from horse faeces - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
 
[[Image:Dictyocaulus arnfieldi.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' from horse faeces - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
 
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Also known as: '''''Equine lungworm
 
 
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
 
| Also known as:
 
| '''Equine lungworm
 
|-
 
|}
 
 
 
===Scientific Classification===
 
 
 
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1" 
 
| Class
 
| Nematoda
 
|-
 
| Superfamily
 
| Trichodectidae
 
|}
 
  
 
==Hosts==
 
==Hosts==
Line 24: Line 20:
  
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
Adults are slender, thread-like and white.  Females are larger than males at around 6.5cm in length.  The males have a small non-lobulated bursa.
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''D. arnfieldi'' are of the superfamily [[Trichostrongyloidea]].  Adults are slender, thread-like and white.  Females are larger than males at around 6.5cm in length.  The males have a small non-lobulated bursa.
  
 
The embryonated eggs are 80-100µm in length.
 
The embryonated eggs are 80-100µm in length.
  
 
==Life Cycle==
 
==Life Cycle==
The lifecycle is not greatly known, but it is currently thought to be similar to that of ''[[Dictyocaulus viviparous]]''.
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The lifecycle is not greatly known, but it is currently thought to be similar to that of ''[[Dictyocaulus viviparus]]''.
  
 
The prepatent period is 2-3 months.
 
The prepatent period is 2-3 months.
  
==== Epidemiology ====
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{{Learning
*Main source of infection = donkeys (remain infected for years) - contaminate horse pasture.
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|flashcards = [[Horse_Nematode_Flashcards|Horse Nematode Flashcards]]
*Infection can cycle in horses.
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|literature search =[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Dictyocaulus+arnfieldi%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=42&y=10&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' publications]
 
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|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=nematode Nematodes]
 
+
}}
{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1"
 
 
 
!
 
!'''Horses'''
 
!'''[[Lungworm - Donkey|Donkeys]]'''
 
 
 
|-
 
|'''Prevalence'''
 
|10-20% 
 
|75%
 
|-  
 
|'''Adult worms'''
 
|Few
 
|Many
 
|-
 
|'''Eggs in faeces'''
 
|Often zero
 
|Many
 
|-
 
|'''Period of patency'''
 
|<8months
 
|5+ years
 
|-
 
|'''Clinical signs'''
 
|Sometimes
 
|Rarely
 
|}
 
 
 
 
 
'''NOTE''': Clinical signs - chronic cough at rest or during exercise, single animal or group of horses, autumn or early winter.
 
 
 
*''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' causes [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dictyocaulus arnfieldi|cough in horses]]
 
  
==== Pathogenicity ====
 
*Raised areas of over-inflated pulmonary tissue (several cms in diameter) surrounding small bronchus containing worms and mucopurulent exudate.
 
*Hyperplastic bronchial epithelium.
 
*Peribronchial "cuffing".
 
  
==== Diagnosis ====
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{{review}}
*Clinical signs.
 
*Grazing history (donkey contact or shared grazing).
 
*Faecal examination (only detects patent infections = small proportion of lungworm infections in horses):
 
**process sample immediately = McMaster method, embryonated eggs
 
**process sample later = Baerman technique, larvae with tail spine.
 
*Tracheobronchial washings (large eosinophils).
 
*Response to anthelmintic treatment (e.g. resolution of clinical signs = retrospective diagnosis).
 
  
==== Control ====
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{{OpenPages}}
*Do not keep horses on pastures grazed by donkeys (potential carriers).
 
*Treat donkeys with appropriate anthelmintic in spring if grazed with horses.
 
  
*Found in smaller [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi]]
 
*Cause of chronic cough
 
*Donkeys are a reservoir mostly without any clinical signs
 
*Gross pathology:
 
**Raised areas of over-inflated pulmonary tissue surrounding small bronchus, containing worms and mucopurulent exudate
 
**Hyperplastic bronchial epithelium
 
**Coiled worms in small bronchi
 
**Peribronchial cuffing
 
**In caudal lung lobes
 
*Histologically
 
**Central coiled parasites and associated chronic catharral bronchitis
 
**Goblet cell hyperplasia
 
**Lymphoid cell infiltration
 
*In [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]], the worms usually fail to achieve sexual maturity
 
  
 +
[[Category:Dictyocaulus]][[Category:Horse_Nematodes]]
  
[[Category:Trichostrongyloidea]][[Category:Horse_Nematodes]]
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[[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
 
 
[[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]]
 
[[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]]

Latest revision as of 17:48, 4 June 2016


Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
Class Nematoda
Super-family Trichostrongyloidea
Genus Dictyocaulus
Species D. arnfieldi
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi from horse faeces - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

Also known as: Equine lungworm

Hosts

Donkeys, and occasionally horses.

Identification

D. arnfieldi are of the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea. Adults are slender, thread-like and white. Females are larger than males at around 6.5cm in length. The males have a small non-lobulated bursa.

The embryonated eggs are 80-100µm in length.

Life Cycle

The lifecycle is not greatly known, but it is currently thought to be similar to that of Dictyocaulus viviparus.

The prepatent period is 2-3 months.


Dictyocaulus arnfieldi Learning Resources
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Flashcards
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Literature Search
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Dictyocaulus arnfieldi publications





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