Changes

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Factor deficiencies are often the result of congenital deficiency in one or more of the coagulation factors. Deficiencies lead to ineffective blood clotting and development of a disease syndrome characterized by excessive bleeding - deficiencies are often detected following trauma or surgery. Occasionally bleeding may be spontaneous (e.g. into alimentary or urinary tracts). Deficiencies are often seen as familial inherited problems. Haemophilia (factor VIII deficiency) is probably the best understood condition.

Factor deficiencies are often the result of congenital deficiency in one or more of the coagulation factors. Deficiencies lead to ineffective blood clotting and development of a disease syndrome characterized by excessive bleeding - deficiencies are often detected following trauma or surgery. Occasionally bleeding may be spontaneous (e.g. into alimentary or urinary tracts). Deficiencies are often seen as familial inherited problems. Haemophilia (factor VIII deficiency) is probably the best understood condition.

==Factor I ==

==Factor I ==

 

Factor 1 is fibrinogen.

* Factor 1 is fibrinogen.

<p>'''Hyperfibrinogenaemia''' occurs in:</p>

* '''Hyperfibrinogenaemia''' occurs in

* Pregnancy

** Pregnancy

* Acute infections

** Acute infections

* Post-operative states

** Post-operative states

* Pyometra

** Pyometra

'''Hypofibrinogenaemia''' is seen in:

* '''Hypofibrinogenaemia''' is seen in

* Liver disease.

** Liver disease.

* disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

** Depletion by intravascular coagulation.

==Factor II ==

==Factor II ==

 

Factor II is part of the prothrombin complex.

* Factor II is part of the prothrombin complex.

Hypoprothrombinaemia occurs when there is a lack of the components of the prothrombin complex - factors II, VII, IX, X. This can be caused by dicoumarol and its derivatives, as found in sweet clover and warfarin, which competitively inhibit Vitamin K activity in the liver, where the factors are synthesised.

* '''Hypoprothrombinaemia'''

** A depression of the components of the prothrombin complex.

*** I.e. Factors II, VII, IX, X

** May be caused by dicoumarol and its derivatives, for example sweet clover and warfarin.

*** Competitively inhibits Vitamin K in the liver, where the above Factors are synthesised.

==Factor IV ==

==Factor IV ==

 

Factor IV is calcium, which is necessary at several stages of coagulation. Hypocalcaemia at a level sufficient to impair haemostasis is incompatible with life.

* Factor IV is calcium.

** Necessary at several stages of coagulation.

* '''Hypocalcaemia''' at a level sufficient to impair haemostasis is incompatible with life.

** There is therefore no bleeding defect associated with hypocalcaemia.

==Factor VII==

==Factor VII==

 

Factor VII is Proconvertin; deficiencies of factor VII do not appear to impair the formation of the haemostatic plug and any resulting bleeding defect is normally mild. Newborn pups have a very low plasma level of Factor VII and spontaneous and inherited deficiencies have been reported in Beagle colonies. Deficiencies may also occur associated with liver disease and in dicoumarol poisoning.

* Factor VII is Proconvertin.

* Deficiencies do not appear to impair the formation of haemostatic plug.

** The bleeding defect is normally mild.  

* Newborn pups have a very low plasma level of Factor VII.

** Spontaneous and inherited deficiencies have been reported in Beagle colonies.

* Deficiencies may also occur associated with [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] disease and in dicoumarol poisoning.

==Factor VIII ==

==Factor VIII ==

The severity of the disease correlates with the Factor VIII levels. Haematomas and haemarthrosis are commonly seen as a result of this condition.

* The severity of the disease correlates with the Factor VIII levels.

* Haematomas and haemarthrosis are common lesions.

==Factor IX ==

==Factor IX ==

 

Factor IX is 'Christmas Factor' and deficiency causes '''haemophilia B'''. This occurs presominantly in Cairn Terriers and Black and Tan Hounds. It is similar to Factor VIII deficiency; a sex-linked (X chromosome) recessive that results in a deficient haemostatic plug.

* Factor IX is Christmas Factor.

* Deficiency causes '''haemophilia B'''.

** Seen in Cairn Terriers and Black and Tan Hounds.

** A sex-linked (X chromosome) recessive.

** Results in a deficient haemostatic plug.

*** Similar to Factor VIII deficiency.

==Factor XI==

==Factor XI==

 

Factor XI is an antecedent to plasma Thromboplastin. Deficiencies have been reported in the cow, and reduced levels have been reported in the horse.

* Factore XI is Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent.

* Deficiency has been reported in a cow, and reduced levels in the horse.

==Factor XII==

==Factor XII==

* Factor XII is Hageman Factor.

{{Learning |Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/equis/Content/Disease/Dis01342.asp Coagulation Defects]}}

* Low plasma levels had been reported in cats and horses.

[[Category:Coagulation Defects]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Cat]][[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Horse]]

[[Category:Coagulation Defects]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Horse]]

[[Category:Haemorrhagic Diseases]]

[[Category:Haemorrhagic Diseases]]

[[Category:To Do - James]]

[[Category:Cardiology Section]]