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− | {{toplink
| + | == Epidemiology == |
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| + | *Infects a wide range of host species in different areas of the world |
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− | |linktext =PARASITES
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− | |pagetype=Bugs
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− | |sublink1=Protozoa
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− | |subtext1=PROTOZOA
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− | * May cause haemolysis and [[General Pathology - Pigmentation and Calcification#Haemoglobin|haemoglobin pigmentation]]. | + | Babesiosis has severe effects on cattle production in parts of the world. First of all, it prevents European breeds from being successful in tropical regions where [[Ticks|ticks]] are endemic as well as occurring sporadically in the UK and Ireland causing losses of around £8 million per year. |
| + | |
| + | === '''Life Cycle''' === |
| + | Both [[Ticks#Disease Transmission|trans-stadial]] and [[Ticks#Disease Transmission|trans-ovarian]] transmission occurs with each female [[Ticks|tick]] producing 3000 eggs and the [[Ticks|tick]] being the definitive host. |
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| + | ''Babesia'' multiplies in the red blood cells by '''budding''' and it forms 2-4 daughter cells (species dependent). |
| + | Giemsa blood smears can differentiate between species using 'Difquik' stain. |
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| + | *''Babesia'' species are either small or large depending on the size of the daughter cells |
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| + | *Small ''Babesia'' |
| + | **E.g. ''B. divergens'' |
| + | **E.g. ''B. gibsoni'' |
| + | **Peripheral nucleus |
| + | **Obtuse angle |
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| + | *Large ''Babesia'' |
| + | **E.g. ''B. major'' |
| + | **E.g. ''B. canis-complex'' |
| + | **Central nucleus |
| + | **Acute angle |
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| + | *Daughter cells disrupt the red blood cell and are released |
| + | **Spread and infect other red blood cells |
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| + | *Antigen is released which adsorbs onto other red blood cells |
| + | **Causes haemolysis and [[Pigmentation - Pathology#Haemoglobin|haemoglobin pigmentation]] |
| + | **Causes haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria and fever |
| + | |
| + | ===Enzootic Instability=== |
| + | *Low rate of transmission |
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| + | *Few infected [[Ticks|ticks]] |
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| + | *Infrequent exposure |
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| + | *Immunity wanes or is completely absent in many individuals |
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| + | *Low levels of herd immunity |
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| + | *'''Higher''' incidence of disease |
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| + | ===Enzootic Stability=== |
| + | *High rate of transmission |
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| + | *Many infected ticks |
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| + | *Frequent exposure boosts immunity |
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| + | *High level of herd immunity |
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| + | *'''Lower''' incidence of disease |
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| + | <big>'''[[Babesiosis - Cattle|Cattle Babesiosis]] |
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| + | '''[[Babesia canis]]''' |
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| + | '''[[Babesiosis - Horse|Horse Babesiosis]]''' |
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| + | '''[[Babesiosis - Small Ruminants|Sheep and Goat Babesiosis]] |
| + | </big> |
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| + | *''Babesia bovis'' myositis |
| + | **In cattle |
| + | **Infrequent muscle [[Muscle Necrosis|necrosis]] |
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| + | ==Test yourself with the Piroplasmida Flashcards== |
| + | |
| + | [[Piroplasmida_Flashcards|Piroplasmida Flashcards]] |
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| + | [[Category:Piroplasmida]] |
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| + | [[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]] |