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<big><center>[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO THE LIVER - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big>
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<big><center>[[Avian Digestive Tract - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO THE AVIAN DIGESTIVE TRACT - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big>
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==Structure==
 
==Structure==
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*2 lobes
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The liver has two lobes. It is dark brown coloured (except just after hatching where it is yellow). The right lobe is larger than the left lobe. It is positioned ventral and caudal to the [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] (as there is no diaphragm). It is closely associated to the '''[[Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]]''' and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. It has a thin capsule and indistinct lobation. Two bile ducts enter the distal '''[[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]]''', one from each lobe of the liver. The duct from the right lobe is connected to the '''[[Gall Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|gall bladder]]'''. Hepatic lobules are indistinct (except near hilus) due to a lack of '''perilobular connective tissue'''. Avian bile aids the emulsification of fats and contains amylase and lipase.
 
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*Dark brown coloured (except just after hatching where it is yellow)
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*Right lobe larger than left lobe
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*Ventral and caudal to the heart (as there is no diaphragm)
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*CLosely associated to the proventriculus and spleen
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*Thin capsule
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[[Image:Anatomy of the Avian Liver.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Anatomy of the Liver(Avian)- Copyright RVC 2008]]
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[[Image:Avian Liver and Spleen.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Liver and Spleen (Avian)- Copyright Nottingham 2008]]
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*Indistinct lobation
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*2 bile ducts enter the distal [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]], one from each lobe of the liver
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*The duct from the right lobe is connected to the [[Gall Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|gallbladder]]
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*Hepatic lobules indistinct (except near hilus) due to a lack of perilobular connective tissue
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[[Image:Anatomy of the Avian Liver.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Anatomy of the Liver(Avian)- Copyright RVC 2008]]
   
==Function==
 
==Function==
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*See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Function|liver funtion]]
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See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Function|liver function]].
    
==Vasculature==
 
==Vasculature==
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*See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Vasculature|liver vasculature]]
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See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Vasculature|liver vasculature]].
    
==Innervation==
 
==Innervation==
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*See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation|liver innervation]]
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See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation|liver innervation]].
    
==Lymphatics==
 
==Lymphatics==
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*See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics|liver lymphatics]]
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See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics|liver lymphatics]].
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==Histology==
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==Gallbladder- Species Differences==
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*Polyhedral and angular cells
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'''Pigeons''' and '''parrots''' lack a [[Gall Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|gall bladder]].
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*Larger cells than in mammals
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==Histology==
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*Large, spherical nucleus
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The avian liver has '''polyhedral''' and angular cells that are larger than mammal cells. The cells have a large, spherical nucleus and the base of the cell forms the wall of the sinusoid. The cell apices communicate with the '''bile canaliculi'''. They have a granular cytoplasm.
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*Base of cell forms a wall of the sinusoid
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'''Liver cords''' form columns around the '''interlobular bile capillary'''. The cell arrangement is simpler than in mammals. The sinusoids anastamose freely. There are '''Kupfer cells''' present. Fibres include, '''reticular fibres''' to support the liver cords and '''elastic fibres''' in the capsule and vessels.
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*Cell apices communicate with the bile canaliculi
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==Links==
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*Granular cytoplasm
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'''Click here for more information on [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology]]'''
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*Liver cords form columns around the interlobular bile capillary. The cell arrangement is simpler than in mammals.
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{{Template:Learning
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|flashcards = [[The Avian Alimentary Tract - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards|Avian Alimentary Tract]]
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|OVAM = [http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/interactive-avian-anatomy-liver Avian Interactive Anatomy - Liver]
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}}
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*Sinusoids anastamose freely
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==Webinars==
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<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/gastroenterology-and-nutrition/webinars/feed</rss>
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*Kupfer cells present
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[[Category:Avian Alimentary System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
 
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[[Category:A&P Done]]
*Reticular fibres support the liver cords
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*Elastic fibres in the capsule and vessels
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==Species Differences==
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*Pigeons and parrots lack a [[Gall Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|gall bladder]]
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==Links==
 

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