Changes

 

 

==Structure==

==Structure==

*2 lobes

The liver has two lobes. It is dark brown coloured (except just after hatching where it is yellow). The right lobe is larger than the left lobe. It is positioned ventral and caudal to the [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] (as there is no diaphragm). It is closely associated to the '''[[Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]]''' and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. It has a thin capsule and indistinct lobation. Two bile ducts enter the distal '''[[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]]''', one from each lobe of the liver. The duct from the right lobe is connected to the '''[[Gall Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|gall bladder]]'''. Hepatic lobules are indistinct (except near hilus) due to a lack of '''perilobular connective tissue'''. Avian bile aids the emulsification of fats and contains amylase and lipase.

 

*Dark brown coloured (except just after hatching where it is yellow)

 

*Right lobe larger than left lobe

 

*Ventral and caudal to the [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] (as there is no diaphragm)

 

*CLosely associated to the [[The Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]

 

*Thin capsule

 

*Indistinct lobation

 

*2 bile ducts enter the distal [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]], one from each lobe of the liver

 

*The duct from the right lobe is connected to the [[Gall Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|gallbladder]]

[[Image:Anatomy of the Avian Liver.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Anatomy of the Liver(Avian)- Copyright RVC 2008]]

 

[[Image:Avian Liver and Spleen.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Liver and Spleen (Avian)- Copyright Nottingham 2008]]

[[Image:Anatomy of the Avian Liver.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Anatomy of the Liver(Avian)- Copyright RVC 2008]]

==Function==

==Function==

*See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Function|liver function]]

See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Function|liver function]].

==Vasculature==

==Vasculature==

*See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Vasculature|liver vasculature]]

See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Vasculature|liver vasculature]].

==Innervation==

==Innervation==

*See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation|liver innervation]]

See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation|liver innervation]].

==Lymphatics==

==Lymphatics==

*See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics|liver lymphatics]]

See [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics|liver lymphatics]].

==Histology==

==Gallbladder- Species Differences==

*Base of cell forms a wall of the sinusoid

The avian liver has '''polyhedral''' and angular cells that are larger than mammal cells. The cells have a large, spherical nucleus and the base of the cell forms the wall of the sinusoid. The cell apices communicate with the '''bile canaliculi'''. They have a granular cytoplasm.

*Cell apices communicate with the bile canaliculi

'''Liver cords''' form columns around the '''interlobular bile capillary'''. The cell arrangement is simpler than in mammals. The sinusoids anastamose freely. There are '''Kupfer cells''' present. Fibres include, '''reticular fibres''' to support the liver cords and '''elastic fibres''' in the capsule and vessels.

 

 

'''Click here for more information on [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology]]'''

 

 

 

 

 

*Pigeons and parrots lack a [[Gall Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|gall bladder]]

 

[[The Avian Alimentary Tract - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards|Avian Alimentary Tract Flashcards]]

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[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology]]

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[[Gall Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:Avian Alimentary System - Anatomy & Physiology]]

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