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==Description==

==Introduction==

Stomatitis is the inflammation of the mucosa lining any structures within the mouth. This may include the lips, cheeks, [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] and [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of the Gingiva|gingiva]].

 

Stomatitis is the inflammation of the mucosa lining any structures within the mouth. This may include the lips, cheeks, [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] and [[Gingiva#Structure and Function of the Gingiva|gingiva]].

Several different types of stomatitis have been described in the dog:

Several different types of stomatitis have been described in the dog:

Ulcerative stomatitis which presents as ulcerations on the margins of the tongue that are common together with a secondary lip-fold dermatitis due to excessive salivation.

Ulcerative stomatitis which presents as ulcerations on the margins of the tongue that are common together with a secondary lip-fold dermatitis due to excessive salivation.

Necrotizing stomatitis which is a very painful condition in dogs that may be caused by opportunistic invasion of normal oral flora. Suspected causative organisms include [[Fusobacterium|''Fusobacterium'']] and [[:Category:Spirochaetes|spirochaetes]]. Invasion of these organisms is thought to be associated with reduced host resistance.

Necrotizing stomatitis which is a very painful condition in dogs that may be caused by opportunistic invasion of normal oral flora. Suspected causative organisms include [[Fusobacterium necrophorum|''Fusobacterium'']] and [[:Category:Spirochaetes|spirochaetes]]. Invasion of these organisms is thought to be associated with reduced host resistance.

Uraemic stomatitis which occurs as a result of uraemia due to renal disease. Severe stomatitis and ulceration of the oral mucosa as well as the margins of the tongue are seen with this condition. The lesions occur due to the bacterial degradation of urea to form ammonia together with dehydration and drying of the oral mucosa that results from renal disease.

Uraemic stomatitis which occurs as a result of [[uraemia]] due to renal disease. Severe stomatitis and ulceration of the oral mucosa as well as the margins of the tongue are seen with this condition. The lesions occur due to the bacterial degradation of urea to form ammonia together with dehydration and drying of the oral mucosa that results from renal disease.

Stomatitis in the cat:

Stomatitis in the cat:

Only one form of the disease which is[[Feline Lymphoplasmacytic Gingivitis Stomatitis Complex|Feline lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis stomatitis complex ]].

Only one form of the disease which is [[Feline Lymphoplasmacytic Gingivitis Stomatitis Complex|Feline lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis stomatitis complex]].

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

Both dogs and cats can develop this condition

Both dogs and cats can develop this condition.

Breeds of dog predisposed includethe greyhound, Maltese, Cavalier King Charles, Minature Snauzer and Labrador Retriever.

Breeds of dog predisposed include the Greyhound, Maltese, Cavalier King Charles, Miniature Schnauzer and Labrador Retriever.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===

===Clinical Signs===

Include severe halitosis, hypersalivation, thick, ropey saliva, anorexia caused by pain, malaise, pyrexia, weight loss and ulceration and bleeding of the gingiva.

Include severe halitosis, hypersalivation, thick, ropey saliva, anorexia caused by pain, malaise, pyrexia, weight loss and ulceration and bleeding of the gingiva.

===Biopsy===

===Biopsy===

Often indicated to rule out other diseases such as [[Skin Immunologic - Pathology#Pemphigus|pemphigus]] or other immunopathies.

Often indicated to rule out other diseases such as [[Pemphigus|pemphigus]] or other immunopathies.

 

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Treatment is both symptomatic to control the clinical signs as well as specific to the cause of the condition. The underlying cause should be sought and treated appropriately.

Treatment is both symptomatic to control the clinical signs as well as specific to the cause of the condition. The underlying cause should be sought and treated appropriately.

Thorough teeth cleaning is necessary as well as systemic [[Antibiotics|antibiotics]] (effective against aeobes and anaerobes)

Thorough teeth cleaning is necessary as well as systemic [[Antibiotics|antibiotics]] (effective against aeobes and anaerobes).

Oral rinses such as chlorhexidine may also be useful.

Oral rinses such as chlorhexidine may also be useful.

[[Steroids|Corticosteriods]] have been suggested with cases of chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis.

[[Steroids|Corticosteriods]] have been suggested with cases of chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis.

Diet modification in cases of renal disease to reduce blood urea levels.

Diet modification in cases of renal disease to reduce blood urea levels.

Tooth extraction in the most severely affected area has been suggested.

Tooth extraction in the most severely affected area has been suggested.

Resistent lesions in cats have been shown to respond to Bovine lactoferrin in some cases.

Resistent lesions in cats have been shown to respond to bovine lactoferrin in some cases.

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==

Depends on the underlying cause.

Depends on the underlying cause.

==References==

==References==

===Pathology===

Starts as hyperaemia and oedema of [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] or pharynx with mucoid exudate on surface.

 

Lymphoid follicles on the [[Soft Palate - Anatomy & Physiology|soft palate]] may enlarge and proliferate.

==Webinars==

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[[Category:Oral_Cavity_and_Gingiva_-_Pathology]]

[[Category:Oral_Cavity_and_Gingiva_-_Pathology]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

[[Category:Oral Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Oral Diseases - Dog]]

[[Category:Periodontal Conditions]]