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===Pericardium===
===Pericardium===
The pericardium is the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart. It is composed of two layers separated by a narrow cavity. The inner layer is firmly attached to the heart wall and is known as the visceral layer or epicardium. The outer layer is composed of relatively inelastic connective tissue and is termed the parietal layer. This fibrous layer prevents distension of the heart, thus preventing excessive stretching of the heart muscle fibres. The cavity between the two layers contains a small volume of fluid which serves as a lubricant, facilitating the movement of the heart by minimising friction. The sternopericardiac ligament connects the parietal layer to the sternum and the phrenopericardiac ligament joins the parietal layer to the diaphragm. The latter is present only in the canine.
The pericardium is the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart. It is composed of two layers separated by a narrow cavity. The inner layer is firmly attached to the heart wall and is known as the visceral layer or epicardium. The outer layer is composed of relatively inelastic connective tissue and is termed the parietal layer. This fibrous layer prevents distension of the heart, thus preventing excessive stretching of the heart muscle fibres. The cavity between the two layers contains a small volume of fluid which serves as a lubricant, facilitating the movement of the heart by minimising friction. The sternopericardiac ligament connects the parietal layer to the sternum and the phrenopericardiac ligament joins the parietal layer to the diaphragm. The latter is present only in canine and swine.
===Layers of the Heart Wall===
===Layers of the Heart Wall===
The right atrium forms the dorsocranial section of the base of the heart and receives blood from the cranial vena cava, caudal vena cava and coronary sinus. The interatrial septum is a thin partition dividing the right and left atria and possesses a characteristic oval depression called the fossa ovalis which is a remnant of the foetal foramen ovalis. The right atrium also houses the sinoatrial node. Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve (also know as the right atrioventricular valve).
The right atrium forms the dorsocranial section of the base of the heart and receives blood from the cranial vena cava, caudal vena cava and coronary sinus. The interatrial septum is a thin partition dividing the right and left atria and possesses a characteristic oval depression called the fossa ovalis which is a remnant of the foetal foramen ovalis. The right atrium also houses the sinoatrial node. Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve (also know as the right atrioventricular valve).
In rabbits the right atrioventricular valve is bicuspid not tricuspid.
====Right Ventricle====
====Right Ventricle====
|dragster = [[Canine Heart Dissection Anatomy Resources (I & II)]]<br>[[Canine Heart Dissection Anatomy Resources (III & IV)]]<br>[[Cardiovascular System Histology Resource (I)]]
|dragster = [[Canine Heart Dissection Anatomy Resources (I & II)]]<br>[[Canine Heart Dissection Anatomy Resources (III & IV)]]<br>[[Cardiovascular System Histology Resource (I)]]
|videos = [[Video: Heart potcast|Heart potcast]]<br>[[Video: Heart (internal structure) potcast|Heart (internal structure) potcast]]<br>[[Video: Dorsal view of the ventricles and valves of the heart|Dorsal view of the ventricles and valves of the heart]]
|videos = [[Video: Heart potcast|Heart potcast]]<br>[[Video: Heart (internal structure) potcast|Heart (internal structure) potcast]]<br>[[Video: Dorsal view of the ventricles and valves of the heart|Dorsal view of the ventricles and valves of the heart]]
|OVAM = [http://www.real3danatomy.com/thorax/dog-heart-lungs-ribs-3d.html Canine thoracic organs in Real 3D Anatomy, showing the heart, lungs and ribs and allowing detailed and accurate visualisation of organs "in-situ"]<br>[http://www.bristol.ac.uk/anatomy/media/elearning/internet/gracie/thorax/index.html Cross-sectional anatomy atlas of the canine thorax consisting of transverse sections and MRI images]<br>[http://www.um.es/anatvet/interactividad/ingles/avispi/practicas/practica3.htm Dissection plans of the thoracic cavity and heart]<br>[http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/sites/default/files/original_media/document/asset_8875_CDV.C.1_coronary_arteries_all.pdf Canine Heart - Coronary Artery Cast]<br>[http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/sites/default/files/original_media/document/asset_8864_cdv.c.18_all.pdf Plastinated Canine Heart (various views)]<br>[http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/cow-heart-internal-cast Internal Cast of Bovine Heart]<br>[http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/bronchial-and-heart-cast Canine Heart and Bronchial Cast]
|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis60195.asp Heart Failure]
}}
}}
'''Comparative anatomy of heart in ruminants'''
In one humped camels (''Camelus dromedarius''), buffaloes (''Bubalus bubalis'') and teddy goats (''Capra hircus''), the heart is characteristically cone-shaped with a pointed apex. The dromedary camel heart, however, is notably larger, with a mean weight of 1.93kg in adults, 1.14 kg in calves, 1.28kg in adult buffaloes, 2.14kg in adult cattle and only 0.09kg in the teddy goats. This difference correlates with overall body size. The hearts of camels, buffaloes and goats demonstrate clear morphological and histological adaptations. The camel possesses a larger, more robust heart suited for a harsh environment, whereas the goat's heart shows age-related structural changes that support its physiological development, highlighting the interplay between anatomy, histology, and function <ref>1. Rehan S, Qureshi AS. Morphometric analysis of heart, kidneys and adrenal glands in dromedary camel calves. ''' '''J Camel Pract Res . 2006;14(1):27-31.
2. Shah M, Qureshi AS, Rehan S, et al. Morphometric evaluation of blood pressure regulating organs in teddy goats (Capra hircus) in relation to age and sex. ''' '''Pak Vet J . 2010;30(1):49-52.
3. Usman M, AS Qureshi, S Rehan, A Sarfraz and K Hayat. 2018. Histomorphometric evaluation of dromedarian (''Camelus dromedarius'') heart. J Camel Prac Res. 25 (2), 1-6</ref>.
}}
}}
== Webinars ==
<rss max="10" highlight="heart cardiac cardiology">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/cardiology/webinars/feed</rss>
[[Category:Heart - Anatomy & Physiology]]
[[Category:Heart - Anatomy & Physiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology Section]]
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249746665_Morphometric_analysis_of_heart_kidneys_and_adrenal_glands_in_dromedary_camel_calves]