Difference between revisions of "Musculoskeletal System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology"

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<big><center>[[Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big>
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[[Image:Jumping horse.gif|thumb|right|250px|'''Jumping horse''' © Eadweard Muybridge WikiMedia Commons]]
 
  
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==Introduction==
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=''Overview of the Locomotor System''=
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The musculoskeletal system includes [[Bones - Anatomy & Physiology|bones]], [[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology|joints]], [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|cartilage]], [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscles]], ligaments and [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|tendons]]. In order to describe anatomical landmarks for example for the purposes of surgery and to be able to describe different directional information, for example when recording the view of a recently taken x-ray, it is necessary to have a way of describing the [[Planes and Axes - Anatomy & Physiology|planes and axes]] that can be applied to the musculoskeletal system to pinpoint a specific anatomical area.
 
  
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==The Trunk==
 
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The trunk consists of three segments: thorax, abdomen, and [[Pelvis - Anatomy & Physiology|pelvis]], each of which is bounded by body wall and contains a cavity. The thoracic cavity lies cranial to the diaphragm, whereas the abdominal cavity lies caudal.
 
  
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Dorsally, the roof of all three cavities is formed by the [[Spinal Column - Anatomy & Physiology|spinal column]] and associated muscles. The pelvic cavity is defined by the borders of the bony pelvis and communicates with the abdominal cavity. The bony thorax includes the [[Ribs and Sternum - Anatomy & Physiology|ribs and sternum]]; the [[Ribs_and_Sternum_- Anatomy & Physiology#Thoracic_Musculature|thoracic musculature]] is predominantly associated with respiration. Knowledge of the [[Ribs_and_Sternum_- Anatomy & Physiology#Abdominal_Musculature|abdominal musculature]] is important when performing surgery on abdominal organs, and these muscles are traditionally divided into ventrolateral and sublumbar groups.
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*[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|Bones and Cartilage]]
  
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==The Head and Neck==
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*[[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology|Joints]]
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The shape and size of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|skull]] varies widely, not only between species but also with age, breed and sex of similar species. The skull is divided into three components- the neurocranium, the dermatocranium and the viscerocranium. The skull also includes the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid apparatus]], mandible, ossicles of the middle ear and the cartilage of the [[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology|larynx]], nose and ear. The skull protects the brain and head against injury and supports the structures of the face. In some animals the skull is also used for defensive actions, for example in horned ungulates such as red deer stags.
 
  
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===[[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|Pharynx]]===
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*[[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles and Tendons]]
  
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===[[Syrinx - Anatomy & Physiology|Syrinx]]===
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*[[Musculoskeletal terminology - Anatomy & Physiology|Musculoskeletal Terminology]]
  
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==Limbs of the Dog, Horse and Cow==
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=''The Trunk''=
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The trunk consists of three segments: thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, each of which is bounded by body wall and contains a cavity.  The thoracic cavity lies cranial to the diaphragm, whereas the abdominal cavity lies caudal.  The pelvic cavity is defined by the borders of the bony pelvis and communicates with the abdominal cavity. 
  
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===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Forelimb]]===
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Dorsally, the roof of all three cavities is formed by the spinal column and associated muscles.  Vertebrae develop segmentally from somitic sclerotomes, whereas muscles develop from somitic myotomes.  Within each myotome is found a single nerve leaving the central neural tube.  Motor innervation in the adult is therefore segmental.  Sensory innervation in the adult is also segmental, although the patterning of neuroectoderm to form skin is not clearly defined, and dermatomes often overly one another.
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*[[Canine Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Canine Forelimb]]
 
  
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*[[Bovine Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Bovine Forelimb]]
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The ventral and lateral body walls are initally formed by somatopleure (ectoderm and lateral plate mesoderm), but is later invaded by somitic cells migrating ventrally.  These differentiate to form ribs and sternum and associated muscles.
  
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===[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Hindlimb]]===
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==[[Spinal Column - Anatomy & Physiology|Spinal Column]]==
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*[[Spinal Column - Anatomy & Physiology#Divisions and Landmarks|Divisions and Landmarks]]
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*Vertebrae and Joints
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*Spinal Cord
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*Hypaxial and Epaxial Muscles
  
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*[[Canine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Canine Hindlimb]]
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==[[Ribs and Sternum - Anatomy & Physiology|Ribs and Sternum]]==
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*Thoracic Musculature
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*Abdominal Musculature
  
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*[[Bovine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Bovine Hindlimb]]
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==[[Pelvis - Anatomy & Physiology|Pelvis]]==
  
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===Phalanges===
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=''The Head and Neck''=
  
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*[[Canine Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|Canine Phalanges]]
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==[[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|Skull and Facial Muscles]]==
  
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*[[Bovine Lower Limb - Anatomy & Physiology|Bovine Lower Limb]]
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==[[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|Pharynx]]==
  
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==Topographical anatomy==
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==[[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology|Larynx]]==
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*[[Palpable Points of the Dog - Anatomy & Physiology|Palpable Points of the Dog]]
 
  
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*[[Palpable Points - Horse Anatomy|Palpable Points of the Horse]]
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=''Limbs of the Domestic Species''=
  
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*[[Palpable Points of the Ox - Anatomy & Physiology|Palpable Points of the Ox]]
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==[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Forelimb]]==
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*Pectoral Girdle and Shoulder
  
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{{Template:Learning
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*Proximal Forelimb and Carpus
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|flashcards = [[:Category:Musculoskeletal System Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards|Musculoskeletal Flashcards]]
 
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|dragster= [[Canine Head and Neck Surface Anatomy Resources (I, II & III)]]<br>
 
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|OVAM = [[Musculoskeletal System Vetlogic Quiz|Musculoskeletal System Quiz]]<br>[http://www.um.es/anatvet/interactividad/ingles/alocopi/indexntscp.htm Labelled anatomy images of the canine musculoskeletal system]
 
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|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=musculoskeletal+ Musculoskeletal diseases]
 
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}}
 
  
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==References==
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*Distal Forelimb and Metacarpus
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Books
 
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*<div id="Dyce">{{citation|initiallast = Dyce|initialfirst = K.M|2last = Sack|2first = W.O|finallast = Wensing|finalfirst = C.J.G|year = 2002|title = Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy|ed =3rd|city = Philadelphia|pub = Saunders}}</div>
 
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*O.Charnock Bradley '''The Structure of the Fowl''', 3rd ed, J.B.Lippincott Company, 1950
 
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*Konig and Liebich: '''Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals''', 3rd Edition
 
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Images
 
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*''Royal Veterinary College'' Histology Department
 
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*''Nottingham Veterinary School''
 
  
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{{OpenPages}}
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==[[Hindlimb: - Anatomy & Physiology|Hindlimb]]==
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[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
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*Pelvic Girdle and Hip
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*Proximal Hindlimb and Tarsus
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*Distal Hindlimb and Metatarsus
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==[[Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|Phalanges]]==
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=[[Musculoskeletal References - Anatomy & Physiology|References]]=

Revision as of 14:46, 24 July 2008

BACK TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Overview of the Locomotor System

The Trunk

The trunk consists of three segments: thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, each of which is bounded by body wall and contains a cavity. The thoracic cavity lies cranial to the diaphragm, whereas the abdominal cavity lies caudal. The pelvic cavity is defined by the borders of the bony pelvis and communicates with the abdominal cavity.

Dorsally, the roof of all three cavities is formed by the spinal column and associated muscles. Vertebrae develop segmentally from somitic sclerotomes, whereas muscles develop from somitic myotomes. Within each myotome is found a single nerve leaving the central neural tube. Motor innervation in the adult is therefore segmental. Sensory innervation in the adult is also segmental, although the patterning of neuroectoderm to form skin is not clearly defined, and dermatomes often overly one another.

The ventral and lateral body walls are initally formed by somatopleure (ectoderm and lateral plate mesoderm), but is later invaded by somitic cells migrating ventrally. These differentiate to form ribs and sternum and associated muscles.

Spinal Column

Ribs and Sternum

  • Thoracic Musculature
  • Abdominal Musculature

Pelvis

The Head and Neck

Skull and Facial Muscles

Pharynx

Larynx

Limbs of the Domestic Species

Forelimb

  • Pectoral Girdle and Shoulder
  • Proximal Forelimb and Carpus
  • Distal Forelimb and Metacarpus

Hindlimb

  • Pelvic Girdle and Hip
  • Proximal Hindlimb and Tarsus
  • Distal Hindlimb and Metatarsus

Phalanges

References

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