Difference between revisions of "Reproductive System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology"
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+ | {{toplink | ||
+ | |backcolour = | ||
+ | |linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology | ||
+ | |linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY | ||
+ | |thispagenormal = Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology | ||
+ | |thispagemap = Reproductive System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | == Overview of the Reproductive system == | ||
+ | Reproduction is a sequence of events beginning with the development of the reproductive system in the embryo. After the animal is born, it must grow and achieve puberty by aquiring the ability to produce fertile gametes. This ability must be accomplished by reproductive behaviour and copulation. After copulation, the sperm and egg meet, fertilization occurs and development of the preattachment embryo follows. The conceptus attaches to the uterus by a specialised organ called the placenta. It allows the conceptus to grow and develop to term. The fully developed foetus is born and the female giving birth to it must lactate to provide nourishment for the neonate. During or after lactation the dam must re-establish cyclicity before she can become pregnant again. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Development to Puberty == | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Female Reproductive Tract == | ||
+ | The female reproductive tract comprises of the ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina and external genitalia in all domestic species. However many species variations do occur. The female reproductive tract is located ventral to the rectum seperated from it by the the rectogenital pouch. This anatomical feature allows the female tract to be palpated, manipulated and ultrasounded par rectum in some of the larger species i.e Cows and Mares. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|The Ovary]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Oviduct - Anatomy & Physiology|The Oviduct]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|The Uterus]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|The Cervix]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Vagina/Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|The Vagina/Vestibule]] | ||
− | [[ | + | * [[Female Reproductive Tract -The External Genitalia - Anatomy & Physiology|The External Genitalia]] |
− | + | * [[Female Reproductive Tract -Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology|Oestrous Cycle]] | |
− | + | * [[Female Reproductive Tract -Seasonality of Reproduction - Anatomy & Physiology|Seasonality of Reproduction]] | |
− | + | ---- | |
− | |||
− | == | + | == Male Reproductive Tract == |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | == | + | {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" |
− | |||
− | The [[ | + | !'''Species''' |
+ | !'''Cattle''' | ||
+ | !'''Sheep''' | ||
+ | !'''Swine''' | ||
+ | !'''Horses''' | ||
+ | !'''Birds''' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Mature Male''' | ||
+ | | BULL | ||
+ | | RAM | ||
+ | | BOAR | ||
+ | | STALLION | ||
+ | | Rooster/Cock/Tom | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Castrate Male''' | ||
+ | | STEER | ||
+ | | WETHER | ||
+ | | BARROW | ||
+ | | GELDING | ||
+ | | CAPON | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Male Reproductive Tract -Internal and External Genitalia Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Internal and External Genitalia Development]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Male Reproductive Tract -The Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology|The Testes and Epididymis]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Male Reproductive Tract -Accessory Sex Glands - Anatomy & Physiology|Accessory Sex Glands]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Male Reproductive Tract -The External Genetalia - Anatomy & Physiology|The External Genetalia]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Male Reproductive Tract -Spermatogenesis and Spermiation - Anatomy & Physiology|Spermatogenesis and Spermiation]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Reproductive Behaviour == | ||
+ | |||
+ | During Embryogenesis, [[Fertilisation%2C_Implantation_and_Early_Embryonic_Development_-Sexual_Differentiation-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Sexual_Differentiation_of_the_Brain|sexual differentiation]] occurs, during which the brain is programmed to be either male or female. In most mammals, reproductive behaviours are [[Fertilisation%2C_Implantation_and_Early_Embryonic_Development_-Sexual_Differentiation-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Sexual_Differentiation_of_the_Brain|sexually differentiated]]. For example, [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Mounting|mounting]],[[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Erection_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|erection]] and [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculation]] are typically male behaviours, while standing to be mounted ([[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Receptivity_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|lordosis]]),crouching and elevated locomotion are typically female behaviours. These behaviours are endocrine controlled, the presence of gonadal steroids (Oestrogen and Testosterone) is obligatory for normal reproductive behaviour. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | The purpose of reproductive behaviour is to promote the opportunity for copulation and thus increase the probability that sperm and oocyte will meet. | ||
+ | In the female, sexual receptivity occurs only during Oestrus and is characterized by distinct behaviour and mating posture. In the male, reproductive behaviour can occur potentially any time. Sexual arousal in the male involves a cascade of endocrine and neural events that result in [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Erection_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|erection]] of the penis, mounting of the sexually receptive female, [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Intromission|intromission]] and [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculation]]. [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Erection_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Erection]] of the penis involves specific neural and biochemical events that culminate in the penis vasodilating. [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ejaculation|Ejaculation]] is a reflex that is initiated by stimulation of the glans penis and concludes with expulsion of semen. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Reproductive Behaviour - Nervous Pathway Eliciting Reproductive Motor Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|Nervous Pathway Eliciting Reproductive Motor Behaviour]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | '''MALE''' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Consists of: | ||
+ | * [[Reproductive Behaviour - Pre-copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|Pre-copulatory Behaviour]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Reproductive Behaviour - Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|Copulatory Behaviour]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Reproductive Behaviour - Post-Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|Post-Copulatory Behaviour]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | '''FEMALE''' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Consists of: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Reproductive Behaviour - Oestrus Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|Oestrus Behaviour and Methods of Oestrus Detection]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Reproductive Behaviour - Attractivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|Attractivity Behaviour]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Reproductive Behaviour - Proceptivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|Proceptivity Behaviour]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Reproductive Behaviour - Receptivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|Receptivity Behaviour]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Reproductive Behaviour - Maternal Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|Maternal Behaviour]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Reproductive Behaviour - Nursing Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|Nursing Behaviour ]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
== Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development == | == Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development == | ||
− | |||
− | == Pregnancy | + | * [[Copulation -Sperm in the Female Tract - Anatomy & Physiology|Sperm in the Female Tract]] |
+ | |||
+ | * [[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Fertilisation- Anatomy & Physiology|Fertilisation]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Implantation- Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Sexual Differentiation- Anatomy & Physiology|Sexual Differentiation]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Gestation == | ||
+ | |||
+ | {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" | ||
+ | |||
+ | !'''Species''' | ||
+ | !'''Mare''' | ||
+ | !'''Cow''' | ||
+ | !'''Ewe''' | ||
+ | !'''Sow''' | ||
+ | !'''Bitch''' | ||
+ | !'''Queen''' | ||
+ | !'''Guinea Pig''' | ||
+ | !'''Gerbil''' | ||
+ | !'''Mouse''' | ||
+ | !'''Hamster''' | ||
+ | !'''Chinchilla''' | ||
+ | !'''Ferret''' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Gestation Length (days)''' | ||
+ | | 330-340 | ||
+ | | 280-285 | ||
+ | | 147-150 | ||
+ | | 115 | ||
+ | | 63-64 | ||
+ | | 63 | ||
+ | | 60 | ||
+ | | 22-26 | ||
+ | | 21 | ||
+ | | 16 | ||
+ | | 105-115 | ||
+ | | 43 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Gestation -Diagnosis of Pregnancy - Anatomy & Physiology|Diagnosis of Pregnancy]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Gestation -Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy - Anatomy & Physiology|Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | *[[Gestation -Litter Sizes - Anatomy & Physiology|Litter Sizes]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|Placenta]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Parturition == | ||
+ | |||
+ | The step in the reproductive process that immediately precedes lactation, uterine involution and return to cyclicity. It is initiated by the foetus and involves a complex cascade of endocrine events that promote myometrial contraction, dilation of the cervix, expulsion of the foetus and expulsion of the extraembryonic membranes. | ||
− | + | * [[Parturition - Normal Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Normal Parturition ]] | |
+ | * [[Parturition - Endocrine Control of Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Endocrine Control of Parturition]] | ||
− | * [[ | + | *[[Parturition - Pharmacological Manipulation of Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Pharmacological Manipulation of Parturition ]] |
+ | * [[Parturition - Risks in Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Risks in Parturition]] | ||
− | + | ---- | |
== The Puerperium == | == The Puerperium == | ||
− | + | ||
+ | Immediately following parturition, the female enters a period of reproductive repair called the '''Puerperium''' and begins lactation. For a period of time these two processes overlap. | ||
+ | * During the puerperium '''uterine involution''' and return to ovarian function occurs. | ||
+ | ** '''Involution''' is the reduction in size and remodelling of the endometrium so that the uterus can initiate and sustain another pregnancy. | ||
+ | * The time required for complete uterine involution and [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-Oestrous_Cycle_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovarian activity]] to resume varies among species. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | The four major events of the puerperium are: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[The Puerperium - Myometrial Contraction and Expulsion of Lochia - Anatomy & Physiology|Myometrial Contraction and Expulsion of Lochia]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[The Puerperium - Endometrial Repair- Anatomy & Physiology|Involution & Endometrial Repair]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Ovary_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Processes_Taking_Place_In_The_Ovary|Resumption of Ovarian Function]]: for more information see 'Species Differences in the Puerperium' below. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[The Puerperium - Elimination of Bacterial Contamination of the Reproductive Tract- Anatomy & Physiology|Elimination of Bacterial Contamination of the Reproductive Tract]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | In many polyoestrous animals, the shortest possible puerperium is desirable because eligibility for a subsequent pregnancy is of high economic importance. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[The Puerperium - Factors Influencing the Puerperium- Anatomy & Physiology|Factors Influencing the Puerperium]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[The Puerperium - Species Differences in the Puerperium- Anatomy & Physiology| Species Differences in the Puerperium]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
== Lactation == | == Lactation == | ||
− | The | + | |
− | + | Mammary gland development is initiated prenatally in the female foetus and continues through puberty and pregnancy. The anatomy and distribution of mammary glands is diverse among mammals. Secretion of milk does not begin until shortly (hours) before parturition. Lactation provides the neonate with the opportunity to nurse and be nourished with minimal energy expenditure. It also provides immunoprotection for the neonate because initial mammary secretions (colostrum) contain antibodies that provide passive immunity. Lactation continues until the neonate is weaned. After weaning, the mammary glands undergo involution and return to a non-secretory state. | |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ''Key words'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Image:Mammary Development.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Schematic Diagram to show the Stages of Mammary Development,Copyright RVC 2008]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * '''Mammogenesis''': the development of mammary tissue | ||
+ | * '''Lactogenesis''': the onset of milk secretion | ||
+ | * '''Galactopoesis''': the maintenance of lactation | ||
+ | * '''Milk ejection''': the expulsion of milk from alveoli | ||
+ | * '''Involution''': termination of milk secretion and mammary gland regression. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Lactation - The Mammary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology|The Mammary Gland]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Lactation - Endocrine Control - Anatomy & Physiology|Endocrine Control]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Lactation - Milk Composition and Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology|Milk Composition and Biosynthesis]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Lactation - Involution - Anatomy & Physiology|Involution]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ''Links to Associated Pathology'' | ||
+ | * Information on '''Hypocalcaemia 'Milk Fever'''' can be found [[General_Pathology_-_Vascular_Fluid_Balance#Calcium|here]] | ||
+ | * Information on '''Mammary Neoplasia''' can be found [[General_Pathology_-_Neoplasia#Examples_of_Tumour_Types|here]] | ||
+ | * Information on '''Mastitis''' can be found [[General_Pathology_-_Healing_and_Repair#Female|here]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
== Reproductive Technologies == | == Reproductive Technologies == | ||
− | |||
− | * [[ | + | * [[Reproductive Technologies -Semen Collection - Anatomy & Physiology|Semen Collection]] |
− | * [[ | + | * [[Reproductive Technologies -Artificial Insemination - Anatomy & Physiology|Artificial Insemination]] |
− | * [[ | + | * [[Reproductive Technologies -Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer- Anatomy & Physiology|Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer]] |
− | * [[ | + | * [[Reproductive Technologies -In Vitro Fertilization- Anatomy & Physiology|In Vitro Fertilization]] |
− | * [[ | + | * [[Reproductive Technologies -In Vitro Maturation- Anatomy & Physiology|In Vitro Maturation]] |
− | * [[ | + | * [[Reproductive Technologies -Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection- Anatomy & Physiology|Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection]] |
− | * [[ | + | * [[Reproductive Technologies -Embryo Sexing- Anatomy & Physiology|Embryo Sexing]] |
− | * [[Transgenic Animals - Anatomy & Physiology|Transgenic Animals]] | + | * [[Reproductive Technologies -Semen Sexing- Anatomy & Physiology|Semen Sexing]] |
+ | |||
+ | * [[Reproductive Technologies -Embryo Splitting- Anatomy & Physiology|Embryo Splitting]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Reproductive Technologies -Nuclear Transplantation:Cloning- Anatomy & Physiology|Nuclear Transplantation:Cloning]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Reproductive Technologies -Transgenic Animals- Anatomy & Physiology|Transgenic Animals]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
== Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) == | == Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) == | ||
− | * [[ | + | Alpacas and Llamas have a long [[Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology #Gestation|gestation]] period of ~11 months. They are almost always monotocious, giving birth to a single '''cria'''. |
− | * [[ | + | |
− | * [[ | + | |
− | * [[ | + | * [[Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) - Female Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology|Female Anatomy]] |
− | * [[ | + | * [[Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) - Male Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology|Male Anatomy]] |
− | * [[ | + | * [[Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) - Breeding Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology|Breeding Cycle]] |
− | * [[ | + | * [[Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) - Mating - Anatomy & Physiology|Mating]] |
+ | * [[Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) - Pregnancy Diagnosis - Anatomy & Physiology|Pregnancy Diagnosis]] | ||
+ | * [[Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) - Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Parturition]] | ||
+ | * [[Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas) - Lactation & Care of the Newborn - Anatomy & Physiology|Lactation & Care of the Newborn]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
== Small Domestic Mammals == | == Small Domestic Mammals == | ||
− | + | {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" | |
− | * [[Guinea Pig | + | |
− | * [[Ferret | + | !'''Species''' |
− | * [[Chinchilla | + | !'''Rabbit''' |
− | * [[Chipmunk | + | !'''Chinchilla''' |
− | * [[Mouse | + | !'''Chipmunk''' |
− | * [[Hamster | + | !'''Gerbil''' |
− | * [[Rabbit | + | !'''Guinea Pig''' |
− | * [[Rat | + | !'''Golden Hamster''' |
− | * [[Gerbil | + | !'''Mouse''' |
+ | !'''Rat''' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Reproductive Pattern''' | ||
+ | | No True Oestrous Cycle | ||
+ | | Seasonally Polyoestrous:Breeds November-March | ||
+ | | Seasonally Polyoestrous:Breeds March-September | ||
+ | | Polyoestrous | ||
+ | | Polyoestrous | ||
+ | | Polyoestrous | ||
+ | | Polyoestrous | ||
+ | | Polyoestrous | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Length of Oestous Cycle''' | ||
+ | | Every 4 days | ||
+ | | 30-35 days | ||
+ | | 14 days | ||
+ | | 4-6 days | ||
+ | | 15-16 days | ||
+ | | Every 4 days | ||
+ | | 4-5 days | ||
+ | | 4-5 days | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Type of Ovulation''' | ||
+ | | Induced:Occurs Within 10 hours of Mating | ||
+ | | Spontaneous | ||
+ | | Spontaneous | ||
+ | | Spontaneous | ||
+ | | Spontaneous | ||
+ | | Spontaneous | ||
+ | | Spontaneous | ||
+ | | Spontaneous | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Gestation Period''' | ||
+ | | 28-32 days | ||
+ | | 111 days | ||
+ | | 28-32 days | ||
+ | | 24-26 days | ||
+ | | 63 days | ||
+ | | 15-18 days | ||
+ | | 19-21 days | ||
+ | | 20-22 days | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Average Litter Size''' | ||
+ | | 2-7 | ||
+ | | 2-3 | ||
+ | | 2-6 | ||
+ | | 3-6 | ||
+ | | 2-6 | ||
+ | | 3-7 | ||
+ | | 6-12 | ||
+ | | 6-12 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Type of Young at Birth''' | ||
+ | | Altricial | ||
+ | | Precocial | ||
+ | | Altricial | ||
+ | | Altricial | ||
+ | | Precocial | ||
+ | | Altricial | ||
+ | | Altricial | ||
+ | | Altricial | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Weaning Age''' | ||
+ | | 4-6 weeks | ||
+ | | 6-8 weeks | ||
+ | | 6-7 weeks | ||
+ | | 3-4 weeks | ||
+ | | 3-4 weeks | ||
+ | | 3-4 weeks | ||
+ | | 18 days | ||
+ | | 3 weeks | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Age of Sexual Maturity''' | ||
+ | | 5-8 months | ||
+ | | 8 months | ||
+ | | 12 months | ||
+ | | 10-12 weeks | ||
+ | | 6-10 weeks | ||
+ | | 6-10 weeks | ||
+ | | 3-4 weeks | ||
+ | | 5-6 weeks | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ''Key Words'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | * '''Altricial''': newly born young are relatively immobile, have closed eyes, lack hair, and must be cared for by the adults. Altricial young are born helpless and require care for a comparatively long time. | ||
+ | * '''Precocial''': young have open eyes, have hair, large brains and are immediately mobile and somewhat able to defend themselves against predators. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ''The main reproductive characteristics of the following species:'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Small Mammals -Guinea Pig- Anatomy & Physiology|Guinea Pig]] | ||
+ | * [[Small Mammals -Ferret- Anatomy & Physiology|Ferret]] | ||
+ | * [[Small Mammals -Chinchilla- Anatomy & Physiology|Chinchilla]] | ||
+ | * [[Small Mammals -Chipmunk- Anatomy & Physiology|Chipmunk]] | ||
+ | * [[Small Mammals -Mouse- Anatomy & Physiology|Mouse]] | ||
+ | * [[Small Mammals -Hamster- Anatomy & Physiology|Hamster]] | ||
+ | * [[Small Mammals -Rabbit- Anatomy & Physiology|Rabbit]] | ||
+ | * [[Small Mammals -Rat- Anatomy & Physiology|Rat]] | ||
+ | * [[Small Mammals -Gerbil- Anatomy & Physiology|Gerbil]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
== Exotics == | == Exotics == | ||
− | * [[ | + | * [[Exotics - Avian Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomy & Physiology|Avian Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology ]] |
− | * [[Reptile | + | |
− | * [[Amphibian | + | * [[Exotics - Reptile Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomy & Physiology|Reptile Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology]] |
− | * [[Fish | + | |
+ | * [[Exotics - Amphibian Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomy & Physiology|Amphibian Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[Exotics - Fish Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomy & Physiology|Fish Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology ]] | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
Line 105: | Line 437: | ||
* Gina Bromage: Llamas and Alpacas: A Guide to Management | * Gina Bromage: Llamas and Alpacas: A Guide to Management | ||
* R.J. Roberts,Lydia Brown: Aquaculture for Veterinarians - Fish Husbandry and Medicine (Pergamon Veterinary Handbook) | * R.J. Roberts,Lydia Brown: Aquaculture for Veterinarians - Fish Husbandry and Medicine (Pergamon Veterinary Handbook) | ||
− | |||
− | == | + | == Creators of Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Pages == |
− | |||
− | [[ | + | * Amy Cartmel (RVC) |
+ | * [[Lois_Wilkie|Lois Wilkie]] (RVC) |
Revision as of 12:16, 4 September 2008
|
Overview of the Reproductive system
Reproduction is a sequence of events beginning with the development of the reproductive system in the embryo. After the animal is born, it must grow and achieve puberty by aquiring the ability to produce fertile gametes. This ability must be accomplished by reproductive behaviour and copulation. After copulation, the sperm and egg meet, fertilization occurs and development of the preattachment embryo follows. The conceptus attaches to the uterus by a specialised organ called the placenta. It allows the conceptus to grow and develop to term. The fully developed foetus is born and the female giving birth to it must lactate to provide nourishment for the neonate. During or after lactation the dam must re-establish cyclicity before she can become pregnant again.
Development to Puberty
Female Reproductive Tract
The female reproductive tract comprises of the ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina and external genitalia in all domestic species. However many species variations do occur. The female reproductive tract is located ventral to the rectum seperated from it by the the rectogenital pouch. This anatomical feature allows the female tract to be palpated, manipulated and ultrasounded par rectum in some of the larger species i.e Cows and Mares.
Male Reproductive Tract
Species | Cattle | Sheep | Swine | Horses | Birds |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mature Male | BULL | RAM | BOAR | STALLION | Rooster/Cock/Tom |
Castrate Male | STEER | WETHER | BARROW | GELDING | CAPON |
Reproductive Behaviour
During Embryogenesis, sexual differentiation occurs, during which the brain is programmed to be either male or female. In most mammals, reproductive behaviours are sexually differentiated. For example, mounting,erection and ejaculation are typically male behaviours, while standing to be mounted (lordosis),crouching and elevated locomotion are typically female behaviours. These behaviours are endocrine controlled, the presence of gonadal steroids (Oestrogen and Testosterone) is obligatory for normal reproductive behaviour.
The purpose of reproductive behaviour is to promote the opportunity for copulation and thus increase the probability that sperm and oocyte will meet.
In the female, sexual receptivity occurs only during Oestrus and is characterized by distinct behaviour and mating posture. In the male, reproductive behaviour can occur potentially any time. Sexual arousal in the male involves a cascade of endocrine and neural events that result in erection of the penis, mounting of the sexually receptive female, intromission and ejaculation. Erection of the penis involves specific neural and biochemical events that culminate in the penis vasodilating. Ejaculation is a reflex that is initiated by stimulation of the glans penis and concludes with expulsion of semen.
MALE
Consists of:
FEMALE
Consists of:
Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development
Gestation
Species | Mare | Cow | Ewe | Sow | Bitch | Queen | Guinea Pig | Gerbil | Mouse | Hamster | Chinchilla | Ferret |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gestation Length (days) | 330-340 | 280-285 | 147-150 | 115 | 63-64 | 63 | 60 | 22-26 | 21 | 16 | 105-115 | 43 |
Parturition
The step in the reproductive process that immediately precedes lactation, uterine involution and return to cyclicity. It is initiated by the foetus and involves a complex cascade of endocrine events that promote myometrial contraction, dilation of the cervix, expulsion of the foetus and expulsion of the extraembryonic membranes.
The Puerperium
Immediately following parturition, the female enters a period of reproductive repair called the Puerperium and begins lactation. For a period of time these two processes overlap.
- During the puerperium uterine involution and return to ovarian function occurs.
- Involution is the reduction in size and remodelling of the endometrium so that the uterus can initiate and sustain another pregnancy.
- The time required for complete uterine involution and ovarian activity to resume varies among species.
The four major events of the puerperium are:
- Resumption of Ovarian Function: for more information see 'Species Differences in the Puerperium' below.
In many polyoestrous animals, the shortest possible puerperium is desirable because eligibility for a subsequent pregnancy is of high economic importance.
Lactation
Mammary gland development is initiated prenatally in the female foetus and continues through puberty and pregnancy. The anatomy and distribution of mammary glands is diverse among mammals. Secretion of milk does not begin until shortly (hours) before parturition. Lactation provides the neonate with the opportunity to nurse and be nourished with minimal energy expenditure. It also provides immunoprotection for the neonate because initial mammary secretions (colostrum) contain antibodies that provide passive immunity. Lactation continues until the neonate is weaned. After weaning, the mammary glands undergo involution and return to a non-secretory state.
Key words
- Mammogenesis: the development of mammary tissue
- Lactogenesis: the onset of milk secretion
- Galactopoesis: the maintenance of lactation
- Milk ejection: the expulsion of milk from alveoli
- Involution: termination of milk secretion and mammary gland regression.
Links to Associated Pathology
- Information on Hypocalcaemia 'Milk Fever' can be found here
- Information on Mammary Neoplasia can be found here
- Information on Mastitis can be found here
Reproductive Technologies
Camelids (LLamas & Alpacas)
Alpacas and Llamas have a long gestation period of ~11 months. They are almost always monotocious, giving birth to a single cria.
- Female Anatomy
- Male Anatomy
- Breeding Cycle
- Mating
- Pregnancy Diagnosis
- Parturition
- Lactation & Care of the Newborn
Small Domestic Mammals
Species | Rabbit | Chinchilla | Chipmunk | Gerbil | Guinea Pig | Golden Hamster | Mouse | Rat | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reproductive Pattern | No True Oestrous Cycle | Seasonally Polyoestrous:Breeds November-March | Seasonally Polyoestrous:Breeds March-September | Polyoestrous | Polyoestrous | Polyoestrous | Polyoestrous | Polyoestrous | |
Length of Oestous Cycle | Every 4 days | 30-35 days | 14 days | 4-6 days | 15-16 days | Every 4 days | 4-5 days | 4-5 days | |
Type of Ovulation | Induced:Occurs Within 10 hours of Mating | Spontaneous | Spontaneous | Spontaneous | Spontaneous | Spontaneous | Spontaneous | Spontaneous | |
Gestation Period | 28-32 days | 111 days | 28-32 days | 24-26 days | 63 days | 15-18 days | 19-21 days | 20-22 days | |
Average Litter Size | 2-7 | 2-3 | 2-6 | 3-6 | 2-6 | 3-7 | 6-12 | 6-12 | |
Type of Young at Birth | Altricial | Precocial | Altricial | Altricial | Precocial | Altricial | Altricial | Altricial | |
Weaning Age | 4-6 weeks | 6-8 weeks | 6-7 weeks | 3-4 weeks | 3-4 weeks | 3-4 weeks | 18 days | 3 weeks | |
Age of Sexual Maturity | 5-8 months | 8 months | 12 months | 10-12 weeks | 6-10 weeks | 6-10 weeks | 3-4 weeks | 5-6 weeks |
Key Words
- Altricial: newly born young are relatively immobile, have closed eyes, lack hair, and must be cared for by the adults. Altricial young are born helpless and require care for a comparatively long time.
- Precocial: young have open eyes, have hair, large brains and are immediately mobile and somewhat able to defend themselves against predators.
The main reproductive characteristics of the following species:
Exotics
References
- P.L Senger: Pathways to Pregnancy and Parturition,2nd Edition
- David E. Noakes,Timothy J. Parkinson,Gary C. W. England,Geoffrey H. Arthur: Arthur's Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics
- Bairbre O'Malley:Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of Exotic Species
- Dyce, Sack and Wensing: Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, 3rd Edition
- Konig and Liebich: Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals, 3rd Edition
- Victoria Aspinall, Melanie Cappello: Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy & Physiology
- Gina Bromage: Llamas and Alpacas: A Guide to Management
- R.J. Roberts,Lydia Brown: Aquaculture for Veterinarians - Fish Husbandry and Medicine (Pergamon Veterinary Handbook)
Creators of Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Pages
- Amy Cartmel (RVC)
- Lois Wilkie (RVC)