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| − | Also known as: '''''Haemorrhagic Viral Disease — Viral Haemorrhagic Disease — HVD — VHD — HDV — RHDV'''''
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| − | ==Introduction==
| + | {{toplink |
| − | This is a '''severe viral disease''' of rabbits caused by [[:Category:Caliciviridae|Calicivirus]]. The disease affects only rabbits of the species ''Oryctolagus cuniculus''. Hares are not affected, although they are susceptible to a different rabbit calicivirus (European Brown Hare Syndrome). Many strains exist in rabbits populations. Only a single serotype is known, but there are two subtypes RHDV and RHDVa.
| + | |linkpage =Viruses |
| − | | + | |linktext =VIRUSES |
| − | The disease is transmitted by '''direct contact with infected wild rabbits''' or their '''secretions on fomites'''. Most secretions are thought to contain the virus. '''Flies and other insects''' are very efficient mechanical vectors of the disease, and can infect rabbits via the conjunctival route.
| + | |sublink1=Caliciviridae |
| − | | + | |subtext1=CALICIVIRUSES |
| − | The disease was first described in China in 1984 and has been reported in Europe since 1992. It is endemic in Australia, New Zealand, Cuba, parts of Asia and Africa and most of Europe. It is not currently endemic in North American or Canada.
| + | |pagetype =Bugs |
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| − | There is '''very high morbidity rate and fast mortality''' (within 2 days of contraction). The virus causes a systemic disease syndrome, including haemorrhage, generalised congestion, especially in the lungs and trachea, and liver necrosis.
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| − | ==Clinical Signs==
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| − | Young rabbits can become infected, but are usually resistant to the disease. Typically, only '''animals older than 8 weeks''' show symptoms of the disease. Peracute or acute disease is usually described, but chronic sub-clinical infections also occur.
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| − | '''Peracute disease''': fever and death within 36 hours of its onset.
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| − | '''Acute disease''': dullness, anorexia, congestion of the palpebral conjunctiva, prostration, bloody nasal discharge, cyanosis, ocular discharge and epistaxis followed by death.
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| − | '''Subclinical infections''': milder signs, jaundice, anorexia
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| − | Mortality ranges from 40 to 90%, but rabbits that recover may develop jaundice, lose weight and die a few weeks later.
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | RHDV should be suspected when several rabbits die suddenly after a brief period of lethargy and fever. It is more difficult to diagnose in an isolated rabbit.
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| − | Laboratory tests include: '''[[PCR]]''', [[immunofluorescence]], [[haemagglutination]] and '''[[ELISA testing|ELISA]] to identify the virus''' in the liver, blood spleen and other organs.
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| − | Antibodies can be detected in convalescent rabbits by haemagglutination inhibition or an ELISA.
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| − | '''Post mortem examination''' findings include:
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| − | The rabbit is usually in good condition. There is hepatic necrosis and splenomegaly. The liver is usually pale, and has a fine reticular pattern of necrosis outlining each lobule. The spleen in usually black and thickened with rounded edges. The kidneys may be very dark brown. Haemorrhages in the lungs, trachea and thymus are common, and petechiae may be found on the serosal membranes or viscera. Infarctions may be seen in most organs.
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| − | '''Differential diagnoses''' include:
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| − | :Acute [[Pasteurellosis - Rabbit|pasteurellosis]]
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| − | :Atypical [[myxomatosis]]
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| − | :Poisoning
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| − | :Heat exhaustion
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| − | :Enterotoxaemia due to [[Colibacillosis - Rabbit|''E. coli'']] or [[Clostridial Diseases - Rabbit|''Clostridium'' spp]]
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| − | ==Treatment== | |
| − | '''No treatment''' is available.
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| − | Supportive treatment should be instituted if the rabbit survives the infection.
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| − | ==Control==
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| − | Until 1996, RHDV was notifiable and slaughter was indicated, however in the UK and other areas where the disease circulates in wild rabbits, eradication is not feasible.
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| − | Instead, the disease is controlled in domesticated rabbits with '''biosecurity measures''' including disinfection and sanitation, the maintenance of closed colonies, and most importantly, '''vaccination'''.
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| − | It is generally recommended that all animals should be vaccinated, even if the rabbit is kept indoors, as spread from fomites is possible. More information on the vaccine available in the UK can be found at [[Vaccinations for Rabbits|vaccination for rabbits]].
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |flashcards = [[Rabbit Medicine and Surgery Q&A 09]] | |
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| − | ==References== | + | ====Antigenicity==== |
| − | Spickler, A. (2010) '''Emerging and Exotic Diseases of Animals, 4th Edition''' ''CFSPH Iowa State University''
| + | *Single serotype |
| − | | + | *Related to European Brown Hare Syndrome Virus |
| − | Miller, L. (2004) '''Shelter medicine for veterinarians and staff''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
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| − | Merck and Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' ''Merial''
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| | + | ====Hosts==== |
| | + | *Rabbits |
| | + | *Hares seroconvert without disease |
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| | + | ====Pathogenesis==== |
| | + | *High and rapid mortality (within 2 days of contraction) |
| | + | *Systemic disease, including: |
| | + | **Hemorrhage |
| | + | **Generalized congestion, especially in the lungs and trachea |
| | + | **Liver necrosis |
| | + | *Clinical signs: |
| | + | **Depression |
| | + | **Anorexia |
| | + | **Muscular tremors and incoordination |
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| − | {{review}}
| + | ====Epidemiology==== |
| | + | *Infection of domestic rabbits occurs through contact with wild rabbits |
| | + | *First described in China in 1984 |
| | + | *Reported in Europe since 1992, though current opinion holds a less pathogenic variant to be circulating in the wild population, affording some protection |
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| − | {{OpenPages}}
| + | ====Diagnosis==== |
| | + | *Post-mortem lesions include hepatic necrosis and enlargement of the spleen |
| | + | *Serology may be performed (ELISA and PCR) |
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| − | [[Category:Caliciviridae]] [[Category:Rabbit_Viruses]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Exotics]]
| + | ====Control==== |
| | + | *Until 1996, RHDV was notifiable and slaughter was indicated |
| | + | *Vaccination now exists and has proven effective |
| | + | **Inactivated whole virus or recombinant capsid protein |
