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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
The family ''Muscidae'' contains many non-biting (nuisance) flies and blood sucking (biting) flies. There are only two nuisance flies of veterinary importance, these are the ''Musca'' spp. and ''Hydrotaea''.
Nuisance flies are not only irritating to animals, but can also carry seious diseases and so shuld be controlled from an animal welfare point of view.
==''Musca'' spp.==
==''Musca'' spp.==
*Also known as 'house' and 'face' flies
*Includes ''Musca domestica'' the house fly and ''Musca autumnalis'' the face fly
*Found in temperate regions
*The house fly is present both inside and outside of buildings
*The face fly is one of the most numerus flies which annoy cattle
**Attracted to the head and upper parts of the body
'''Recongnition'''
*7.5mm long
*Sponge-like labellum mouthparts
*Grey thorax with longitudinal stripes
*Yellow abdomen with a single black stripe
'''Life Cycle'''
*Eggs laid in rotting manure, hatch and pass through pupal and larval stages before emerging
*Life cycle takes 12 days
*Flies may overwinter as adults
'''Pathogenesis'''
*Production losses
**Reduced weight gain
**Reduced milk yield
**'''Fly worry'''
*Disease transmission
**Viruses
***E.g. Coxsackie, enteroviruses, poliomyelitis
**Bacteria
***E.g. Anthrax, ''E.coli'', ''Salmonella'', ''Shigella'', New Forest Eye Disease
**Helminths
***E.g. Intermediate hosts for ''Habronema'' in horses, some poultry tapeworms, ''Parafiliaria'' and ''Thelazia'' in cattle
'''Control'''
*Fly control in breeding and resting sites (to reduce the source)
**Breeding sites:
***Good santitation
***Collect dung in heaps
***Spray surface of heaps with insecticide to kill surviving adults and larvae
***Biological control
**Resting sites:
***Spray inside and outsides of buildings with insecticide
*Fly control on the host
**Wide range of products available
**Nil or short withdrawal period needed for milking animals or animals going for slaughter
==''Hydrotaea irritans''==
==''Hydrotaea irritans''==
*Also known as the 'head fly'
*Also known as the 'head fly'