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| '''Pathogenesis''' | | '''Pathogenesis''' |
− | *Causes[[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Arthropods|myositis]] | + | *Causes[[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Arthropods| myositis]] |
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| + | *Production losses |
| + | **Condemnation and down-grading of hides |
| + | **Reduced milk yield and reduced weight gain |
| + | **Injury from stock panic |
| + | **Trimmed meat losses from ''H. lineatum'' |
| + | ***'Butcher's Jelly' around warbles which is green due to mass [[Eosinophils - WikiBlood|eosinophil]] attraction |
| + | |
| + | *Paraplegia resulting from: |
| + | **Toxin release |
| + | **Pressure on the spinal cord (''H. bovis'') |
| + | **Bloat from pressue on the oesophageal wall (''H. lineatum'') |
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| '''Control''' | | '''Control''' |
| + | *Total eradication should be aimed for |
| + | |
| + | *Old methods include popping out warbles |
| + | **But could lead to anaphylactic shock |
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| + | *[[Ectoparasiticides]] |
| + | **Systemic organophosphorus [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticides]] in pour-on formula |
| + | **Avermectins and milbemycins in pour-on and injectible formulations |
| + | |
| + | *Timing is crucial for treatment |
| + | **Larvae residing in winter resting sites, if killed, can lead to bloat and paraplegia |
| + | **It is safe to treat in the '''autumn''' before larvae reach their winter resting sites and in the '''spring''' when the warbles have migrated to the midline of the back |
| + | **Ivermectin can be given at any time without risking host infection as larval antigen is released much slower |
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| + | '''Legislation in the UK''' |
| + | *'Warble Fly Order 1978' requires all clinically affected animals to be treated |
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| + | *Notifiable disease |
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| + | *'Warble Fly Infected Area Order 1983' |
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| + | *For more information on the warble fly orders, see[http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/notifiable/brucellosis/surveillance.htm|here] |
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| ===''Oestrus ovis''=== | | ===''Oestrus ovis''=== |