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→Trypanosoma
*Divided into two groups depending on the mode of development of the insect vector
*Divided into two groups depending on the mode of development of the insect vector
**'''Salivarian'''
**'''Salivarian'''
***Multiply in the foregut
***Multiply in the foregut and proboscis
***Transmitted via innoculation via feeding
***Transmitted via innoculation via feeding
***Transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|''Tsetse'' flies]]
***Also known as '''anterior station development'''
**'''Stercorarian'''
**'''Stercorarian'''
***Multiply in the hindgut
***Multiply in the hindgut
***Infective forms migrate to the [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]]
***Transmitted via contamination of wounds with insect faeces
***Transmitted via contamination of wounds with insect faeces
***Also known as '''posterior station development'''
*All ''Trypansomes'' except for ''T. equiperdum'' have arthropod vectors
**''T. equiperdum'' is a venerally transmitted disease
*'''Non-cyclical''' transmission can also occur
**Mechanical transmission
**Transferred by interrupted feeding from one host to another
**Usually transmitted by [[Biting Flies|biting flies]], e.g. [[Biting Flies#Tabanidae|''Tabanidae'']] and [[Biting Flies#Stomoxys calcitrans|''Stomoxys'']]
'''Recognition'''
*Elongated, spindle shaped protozoa
*Between 8 and 39 μm in length
*Flagellate
**Flagellum runs the length of the body attached to the pellicle which forms an undulating membrane
*Kinetoplast present which contains the DNA of the single mitochondrion
'''Life Cycle'''
'''Life Cycle'''
*Enlarged [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]
*Enlarged [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]
**Causes lymphoid exhaustion
**Causes lymphoid exhaustion
**Associated with plasma cell hypertrophy and hypergammaglobulinaemia
***Due to an increase in [[Immunoglobulin M - WikiBlood|IgM]]
**With infections of increased duration, the [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] shrink due to exhaustion of their cellular elements
*Anaemia
*Anaemia
**Red blood cells removed from circulation
**Red blood cells are removed from circulation ('''haemolytic''')
**Is a cardinal feature of the disease
*Degeneration and inflammation of multiple organs
*Degeneration and inflammation of multiple organs
**E.g. Skeletal muscle, myocardium and CNS
**E.g. Skeletal muscle, myocardium and CNS
'''Clinical Signs'''
*In ruminants:
**Anaemia
**Enlargement of the [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]]
**Progressive loss of body condition
**Fever and appetite loss occur during parasite peaks
**Chronic disease which usually terminates in death of the animal if untreated
**Can cause abortion, infertility and decreased growth in herds
*In horses:
**Acute or chronic infections of ''T. brucei''
**Oedema of the limbs and genitalia
*In pigs:
**''T. congolense'' infections are mild or chronic
**''T. simiae'' infections are hyperacute usually leading to death from pyrexia in a few days
*In dogs and cats:
**''T. brucei'' and ''T. congolese''
**Actute infections
**Fever, anaemia, myocarditis, corneal opacity
**Occasionally neurological signs present, such as increased aggression, ataxia and convulsions
'''Epidemiology'''
'''Epidemiology'''