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*Primary or secondary infections following viral infection
 
*Primary or secondary infections following viral infection
 
*Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection
 
*Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection
 +
*Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx
 +
*''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic
 
*Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract
 
*Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract
 
*Opportunistic infections
 
*Opportunistic infections
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*Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall
 
*Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall
 
*Biochemical testing  
 
*Biochemical testing  
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 +
 +
===Diagnosis===
 +
 +
*Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar
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*No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''
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*PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests
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*Epidemiology
 
*Epidemiology
 
**[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''
 
**[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''
**Upper respiratory tract disease with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes
+
**[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|upper respiratory tract disease of horses]] with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes
 +
**Causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]
 
**Outbreaks in groups of young horses
 
**Outbreaks in groups of young horses
 
**Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes
 
**Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes
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**Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)
 
**Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)
 
**Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body
 
**Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body
 +
**''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]
    
*Diagnosis
 
*Diagnosis
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===''S. zooepidemicus''===
 
===''S. zooepidemicus''===
   −
*Colonises mucous membranes and causes mastitis, pneumonia and navel infections in horses
+
*Colonises mucous membranes
*Colonises skin and mucous membranes od cattle, lambs, pigs and poultry and causes suppurative infections and septicaemia
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*Causes mastitis, pneumonia, [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] and navel infections in horses
 +
*''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]] and may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]
 +
*Secondary invador after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|equine influenza]]
 +
*Colonises skin and mucous membranes of cattle, lambs, pigs and poultry and causes suppurative infections and septicaemia
 +
* Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]]
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*Found in vagina and anal mucosa of carnivores
 
*Found in vagina and anal mucosa of carnivores
 
*Neonatal septicaemia, suppurative infections, toxic shock syndrome
 
*Neonatal septicaemia, suppurative infections, toxic shock syndrome
 +
*In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses
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*Submandibular lymphadenitis in pigs
 
*Submandibular lymphadenitis in pigs
  −
  −
===Diagnosis===
  −
  −
*Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar
  −
*No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''
  −
*PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests
        −
  −
  −
  −
  −
*Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx
  −
*''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic
  −
*''S. equi'' is more pathogenic and is the cause of [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis, [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]
  −
*''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]
  −
[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|URT inflammation in horses]]
      
* [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]
 
* [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]
  −
*''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]], may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]
  −
  −
*May cause [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] in horses
  −
  −
* Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].
  −
*Secondary invadors after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]
  −
  −
   
*In [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]
 
*In [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]
 
* In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]
 
* In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]
   
*In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]
 
*In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]
  −
   
*In [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]
 
*In [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]
  −
*In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses
 
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