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| *Primary or secondary infections following viral infection | | *Primary or secondary infections following viral infection |
| *Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection | | *Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection |
| + | *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx |
| + | *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic |
| *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract | | *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract |
| *Opportunistic infections | | *Opportunistic infections |
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| *Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall | | *Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall |
| *Biochemical testing | | *Biochemical testing |
| + | |
| + | |
| + | ===Diagnosis=== |
| + | |
| + | *Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar |
| + | *No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis'' |
| + | *PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests |
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| *Epidemiology | | *Epidemiology |
| **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi'' | | **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi'' |
− | **Upper respiratory tract disease with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes | + | **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|upper respiratory tract disease of horses]] with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes |
| + | **Causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]] |
| **Outbreaks in groups of young horses | | **Outbreaks in groups of young horses |
| **Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes | | **Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes |
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| **Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease) | | **Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease) |
| **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body | | **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body |
| + | **''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]] |
| | | |
| *Diagnosis | | *Diagnosis |
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| ===''S. zooepidemicus''=== | | ===''S. zooepidemicus''=== |
| | | |
− | *Colonises mucous membranes and causes mastitis, pneumonia and navel infections in horses | + | *Colonises mucous membranes |
− | *Colonises skin and mucous membranes od cattle, lambs, pigs and poultry and causes suppurative infections and septicaemia | + | *Causes mastitis, pneumonia, [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] and navel infections in horses |
| + | *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]] and may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]] |
| + | *Secondary invador after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|equine influenza]] |
| + | *Colonises skin and mucous membranes of cattle, lambs, pigs and poultry and causes suppurative infections and septicaemia |
| + | * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]] |
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| *Found in vagina and anal mucosa of carnivores | | *Found in vagina and anal mucosa of carnivores |
| *Neonatal septicaemia, suppurative infections, toxic shock syndrome | | *Neonatal septicaemia, suppurative infections, toxic shock syndrome |
| + | *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses |
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| *Submandibular lymphadenitis in pigs | | *Submandibular lymphadenitis in pigs |
− |
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− |
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− | ===Diagnosis===
| |
− |
| |
− | *Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar
| |
− | *No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''
| |
− | *PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests
| |
| | | |
| | | |
− |
| |
− |
| |
− |
| |
− |
| |
− | *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx
| |
− | *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic
| |
− | *''S. equi'' is more pathogenic and is the cause of [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis, [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]
| |
− | *''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]
| |
− | [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|URT inflammation in horses]]
| |
| | | |
| * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]] | | * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]] |
− |
| |
− | *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]], may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]
| |
− |
| |
− | *May cause [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] in horses
| |
− |
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− | * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].
| |
− | *Secondary invadors after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]
| |
− |
| |
− |
| |
| *In [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]] | | *In [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]] |
| * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]] | | * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]] |
− |
| |
| *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]] | | *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]] |
− |
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− |
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| *In [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]] | | *In [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]] |
− |
| |
− | *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses
| |