Difference between revisions of "Oesophageal Diverticula"

Revision as of 11:33, 10 August 2009

Typical Signalment

Rare in small animals
More common in dogs than cats
No important breed or sex predisposition

Description

A circumscribed sacculation of the oesophageal wall. These can be divided into congenital or acquired. Congenital diverticula are due to a herniation of the mucosa through a muscularis defect. Acquired diverticula can be subdivided into:

Traction forms consists of all the oesophageal layers and results from peri-oesophageal inflammation and fibrosis and develop mainly in the cranial and mid-oesophageal body. Sacculations are created by adhesions to adjacent tissues.
Pulsion forms includes the epithelium and connective tissue and results from:

an increase in intraluminal oesophageal pressure
abnormal local oesophageal motiltiy
deep oesophageal inflammation
a stenosis interupting normal peristalsis
vascular ring abnormalities
lodged foreign bodies

Diagnosis

Clinical Signs

usually result from food/fluid impaction in the sacculated area and can present as:

regurgitation
odynophagia
retching
postprandial dyspnoea
anorexia
sepsis if the diverticulum becomes perforated
may be subclinical if small

Laboratory Tests

Normal

Diagnostic Imaging

Survey radiography: may show an air/soft tissue density next to or involving the oesophagus

Contrast radiography: will show focal dilation or a partial or complete filling of contrast media in the lumen of the oesophagus.

Endoscopy: will confirm the diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

References

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-==Introduction==
-An oesophageal diverticulum is a circumscribed sacculation of the wall of the oesophagus. The diverticulum may be '''congenital''' or '''acquired''' and congenital diverticula usually occur due to a defect in the muscle layers of the oesophagus through which the mucosa can herniate.  Acquired diverticula can be divided into traction and pulsion forms.
-'''Traction diverticula''' involve all of the layers of the oesophageal wall and occur when '''peri-oesophageal inflammation and fibrosis''' result in the formation of adhesions between the oesopagus and surrounding tissues, distorting the normal contours of the oesophageal wall.  They develop most commonly in the cranial and middle portions of the oesophagus.
-'''Pulsion diverticula''' are similar to congenital divericula in that the mucosa herniates through an acquired defect in the outer layers of the wall.  They  may be caused by any condition that places internal radial stress on the oesophageal wall, such as increases in intraluminal oesophageal pressure.  '''[[Oesophageal Foreign Body|Foreign bodies]]''', '''[[Vascular Ring Anomalies|vascular ring anomalies]]''', '''[[Oesophageal Stricture|strictures]]''' and severe '''[[Oesophagitis|oesophagitis]]''' can all therefore lead to the development of pulsion diverticula.
-==Signalment==
-Diverticula are rare in small animals and occur with no apparent breed or sex predilections.  They should not be confused with normal variants of oesophageal anatomy, as occur particularly in Chinese Shar-peis which may have extra oesophageal loops or folds.
+==Typical Signalment==
+*Rare in small animals
+*More common in dogs than cats
+*No important breed or sex predisposition
+==Description==
+A circumscribed sacculation of the oesophageal wall. These can be divided into congenital or acquired. Congenital diverticula are due to a herniation of the mucosa through a muscularis defect. Acquired diverticula can be subdivided into:
+#'''Traction forms''' consists of all the oesophageal layers and results from peri-oesophageal inflammation and fibrosis and develop mainly in the cranial and mid-oesophageal body. Sacculations are created by adhesions to adjacent tissues.
+#'''Pulsion forms''' includes the epithelium and connective tissue and results from:
+*an increase in intraluminal oesophageal pressure
+*abnormal local oesophageal motiltiy
+*deep oesophageal inflammation
+*a stenosis interupting normal peristalsis
+*vascular ring abnormalities
+*lodged foreign bodies
 ==Diagnosis==
 ===Clinical Signs===
-Signs may be related to the underlying cause of the diverticulum or to the presence of impacted food or retained fluid in the sacculated area.  Small diverticula may cause no clinical signs but otherwise, the following signs may occur:
+usually result from food/fluid impaction in the sacculated area and can present as:
-*'''Regurgitation''' with hypersalivation
+*regurgitation
-*'''Difficulty in swallowing''', manifesting as odynophagia (pain on swallowing), retching and repeated efforts to swallow.
+*odynophagia
-*'''Post-prandial dyspnoea''' if the sacculation impinges on the lung fields.
+*retching
-*'''Aspiraton pneumonia''' with tachypnoea, dyspnoea, pyrexia and coughing may occur with any cause of chronic regurgitation.
+*postprandial dyspnoea
-Signs that occur if the [[Rupture of the Oesophagus|oesophagus ruptures]].
+*anorexia
+*sepsis if the diverticulum becomes perforated
+*may be subclinical if small
+===Laboratory Tests===
+Normal
 ===Diagnostic Imaging===
-'''Plain radiographs of the chest''' may show an area of air or soft tissue density in assoication with the oesophagus.  This finiding is not definitive as it may represent a [[Oesophageal Neoplasia|peri-oesophageal mass]], a [[Hiatal Hernia|hiatal hernia]] or another lesion of the lungs or mediastinum.
+'''Survey radiography''': may show an air/soft tissue density next to or involving the oesophagus
-Administration of a '''radio-opaque contrast medium''' (such as barium) should outline the extent of the dilation.
+'''Contrast radiography''': will show focal dilation or a partial or complete filling of contrast media in the lumen of the oesophagus.
-'''Endoscopy''' (oesophagoscopy) can be used to provide a definitive diagnosis by visualising the sacculation.
+'''Endoscopy''': will confirm the diagnosis
 ==Treatment==
-Any underlying cause of an acquired diverticulum should be removed or treated where possible.  Diverticula themselves may be managed medically or surgically, depending on their size.
-*'''Small diverticula''' may be managed medically by feeding '''soft or liquid diets''' and '''elevating the forelimbs''' of the animal for 10-15 minutes after each meal to encourage food boluses to pass into the stomach.
-*'''Larger diverticula''' and '''small pulsion diverticula''' should be corrected surgically as they are more likely to cause clinical signs and because pulsion diverticula may enlarge over time as food becomes impacted in the sacculation.  A '''diverticulectomy''' is performed after entering the chest cavity by a lateral thoracostomy or median sternotomy, depending on its exact location.  The diverticulum is removed and the wall of the oesophagus is sutured longitudinally to try to prevent the formation of strictures.  Since the oesophagus has no serosal layer, the repair may be augmented with muscle flaps (from the longus colli or intercostal muscles), with omentum brought into the chest cavity or with synthetic mesh.  It is important that the repair not be under tension to prevent dehiscence and a headcollar and side reins may be used post-operatively to prevent this.
 ==Prognosis==
-The prognosis is fair to guarded due to possible post-operative complications of oesophageal hypomotility and [[Oesophageal Stricture|oesophageal stricture]] formation.
-{{Learning
-|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis00642.asp, Oesophageal diverticula]
-|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=%28title%3A%28diverticulum%29+OR+title%3A%28diverticula%29%29+AND+%28title%3A%28oesophagus%29+OR+title%3A%28esophagus%29+OR+title%3A%28oesophageal%29+OR+title%3A%28esophageal%29%29 Oesophageal Diverticula publications]
-}}
 ==References==
-Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''
-Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual'''''Merial''
-Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine''' (6th edition, volume 2) ''W.B. Saunders Company''
-{{review}}
-{{OpenPages}}
-[[Category:Oesophagus_-_Pathology]]
-[[Category:Oesophageal Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Oesophageal Diseases - Cat]]
-[[Category:Expert_Review - Small Animal]]