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| + | * May cause severe systemic disease, resulting in [[Intestines Fibrinous/Haemorrhagic Enteritis - Pathology#Bacterial septicaemia and enteritis|enteritis]]. |
| − | {{Taxobox
| + | ** Particularly ''L. icterohaemorrhagiae''. |
| − | |name =''Leptospira''
| + | * May cause haemolysis and [[Pigmentation and Calcification - Pathology#Haemoglobin|haemoglobin pigmentation]]. |
| − | |phylum =Spirochaetes
| + | * ''L. icterohaemorrhagiae'' may cause [[Pigmentation and Calcification - Pathology#Hepatic (Toxic) Icterus|hepatic jaundice]]. |
| − | |class =Spirochaetes
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| − | |order =Spirochaetales
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| − | |family =Leptospiraceae
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| − | |genus =Leptospira
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| − | [[File:Leptospira.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center> ''Leptospira'' Scanning Micrograph. (Rob Weyant 1998, WikiMedia Commons)</center></small>]]
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| − | ==Overview==
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| − | Leptospira is from the family,''Leptospiraceae'' which is a [[Spirochaetes species - Overview|''spirochaetes'']] species.
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| − | ''Leptospira'' is a motile, helical bacteria found in aquatic environments. It causes '''Leptospirosis''' in all animals, which can range from mild urogenital tract infections to systemic diseases. The organisms persist in the kidney tubules or genital tracts of carrier animals and are shed in urine. Transmission occurs via direct contact. Maintenance hosts may transmit the infection to incidental hosts, which are less susceptible to infection, but develop serious disease. ''Leptospira'' may cause severe systemic disease, resulting in [[Septicaemia and Enteritis, Bacterial|enteritis]].
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| − | ==Pathogenesis==
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| − | The pathogenesis of ''Leptospira'' depends on virulence of the bacteria and susceptibility of the host. Leptospires invade tissues through moist skin or via mucous membranes, aided by their motility. They may invade via receptor-mediated endocytosis and then pass through the body via the blood stream. Antibodies clear the organisms from the blood stream after about 10 days of infection.
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| − | The organisms may persist in the renal tubules, uterus, eye or meninges. They evade phagocytosis possibly via macrophage apoptosis and damage red blood cell membranes and endothelial and liver cells, leading to haemolytic anaemia, [[Icterus|jaundice]], [[Pigmentation - Pathology#Haemoglobin|haemoglobin pigmentation]], haemoglobinuria and haemorrhage in acute leptospirosis.
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | ''Leptospira'' can be diagnosed by clinical signs and history of exposure. Dark-field microscopy of urine may detect organisms as may isolation from blood or urine by culture or animal inoculation. | |
| − | The fluorescent antibody technique can be used for identification in tissues. Silver impregnation, molecular techniques such as PCR and Serology using microscopic agglutination test or ELISA can also be used.
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| − | <big>
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| − | '''[[Leptospirosis - Cats and Dogs]]
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| − | '''[[Leptospirosis - Horses]]
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| − | '''[[Leptospirosis - Cattle and Sheep]]
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| − | '''[[Leptospirosis - Pigs]]
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| − | </big>
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Leptospira&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&publishedstart=2000&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all&x=61&y=5 ''Leptospira'' publications since 2000]
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| − | |full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2007/20073017452.pdf '''Laboratory techniques in diagnosis of leptospirosis.''' Venkatesha, M. D.; Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad, India, Intas Polivet, 2006, 7, 2, pp 332-336, 20 ref.]
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| − | {{review}}
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| − | [[Category:Leptospiraceae]]
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| − | [[Category:Expert_Review]]
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