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Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
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==Introduction==
[[Image:brainstemcranialnervespyramids.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The brainstem, cranial nerves and pyramids. © BioMed Archive.]]
[[Image:brainstemcranialnervespyramids.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The brainstem, cranial nerves and pyramids. © BioMed Archive.]]
'''Mandibular (V3)'''
'''Mandibular (V3)'''
==Cranial Nerve Location and Routes==
A summary of the cranial nerves is shown below:
A summary of the cranial nerves is shown below:
|}
|}
==Cranial Nerve Fibre Types==
Cranial nerves are best explained by function:
Cranial nerves are best explained by function:
===Special sensory fibres (SSS + SVS):===
'''[[Nose - Anatomy & Physiology|Smell]]''' '''SVS'''
'''[[Nose - Anatomy & Physiology|Smell]]''' '''SVS'''
Sensory cortex —→ Thalamus —→ Hindbrain (VII, IX, X) —→ Ganglion —→ '''TASTE'''
Sensory cortex —→ Thalamus —→ Hindbrain (VII, IX, X) —→ Ganglion —→ '''TASTE'''
==Cranial Nerves and their Functions==
{| border="1" cellpadding="7"
|-style="background:#B0E0E6; color:black"
!'''#'''
!'''Name'''
!'''Nuclei'''
!'''Function'''
|-
|'''I'''
| '''''Olfactory nerve'''''
|Anterior olfactory nucleus
| Transmits the sense of smell
|- style="background:#F0F8FF; color:black"
| '''II'''
| '''''Optic nerve'''''
| Lateral geniculate nucleus
| Transmits visual information to the brain
|-
| '''III''' || '''''Oculomotor nerve''''' || Oculomotor nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus || Innervates the superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique, which collectively perform most eye movements
|- style="background:#F0F8FF; color:black"
| '''IV'''
| '''''Trochlear nerve'''''
| Trochlear nucleus
| Innervates the superior oblique muscle, which depresses, pulls laterally, and intorts the eyeball
|-
| '''V''' || '''''Trigeminal nerve''''' || Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, Spinal trigeminal nucleus, Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, Trigeminal motor nucleus || Receives sensation from the face and innervates the muscles of mastication
|- style="background:#F0F8FF; color:black"
| '''VI'''
| '''''Abducens nerve'''''
| Abducens nucleus
| Innervates the lateral rectus, which abducts the eye
|-
| '''VII''' || '''''Facial nerve''''' || Facial nucleus, Solitary nucleus, Superior salivary nucleus || Provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression and stapedius, receives the special sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and provides secretomotor innervation to the salivary glands (except parotid) and the lacrimal gland
|- style="background:#F0F8FF; color:black"
|'''VIII'''
| '''''Vestibulocochlear nerve'''''
| Vestibular nuclei, Cochlear nuclei
| Senses sound, rotation and gravity (essential for balance & movement)
|-
| '''IX''' || '''''Glossopharyngeal nerve''''' || Nucleus ambiguus, Inferior salivary nucleus, Solitary nucleus || Receives taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, provides secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland, and provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus
|- style="background:#F0F8FF; color:black"
| '''X'''
| '''''Vagus nerve'''''
| Nucleus ambiguus, Dorsal motor vagal nucleus, Solitary nucleus
| Supplies branchiomotor innervation to most laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles; provides parasympathetic fibers to nearly all thoracic and abdominal viscera down to the splenic flexure; and receives the special sense of taste from the epiglottis
|-
| '''XI''' || '''''Accessory nerve''''' || Nucleus ambiguus, Spinal accessory nucleus || Controls muscles of the neck and overlaps with functions of the vagus
|- style="background:#F0F8FF; color:black"
| '''XII'''
| '''''Hypoglossal nerve'''''
| Hypoglossal nucleus
| Provides motor innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the tongue and other glossal muscles
|}