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**bile for biliary leak
 
**bile for biliary leak
 
**creatinine for urine
 
**creatinine for urine
**glucose and lactate for sepsis
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**glucose (2.8 mmol/l) and lactate (>5.5 mmol/l) for sepsis
    
===Diagnostic Imaging===
 
===Diagnostic Imaging===
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====Radiography====
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*Abdominal radiography may reveal free gas in the abdomen.  This is highly suggestive of peritonitis
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*Thoracic radiograph should be assessed for signs of metastatic disease.
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==Treatment==
 
==Treatment==
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*It is vital to identify cases which require emergency surgical intervention.  Any of the following is a major indication:
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**positive for intracellular bacteria.
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**free gas visible in the abdominal radiograph.
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**presence of penetrating injuries in the abdomen.
     
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