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| − | [[File:NationWide Logo.jpeg|right|link=https://www.nwlabs.co.uk/|alt=NationWide Logo|240x240px|In Partnership with NationWide Laboratories|frameless|thumb|]]
| + | Chloride varies in the range of 100 to 150mmol/l. Hypercholoraemia is associated with dehydration and possibly renal failure.[[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]] |
| − | Chloride varies in the range of 100 to 150mmol/l. Hypercholoraemia is associated with dehydration and possibly renal failure. | |
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| − | Chloride is present in highest concentrations in the ECF and tends to accompany sodium movement by passive diffusion.
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| − | === '''Small animals''' ===
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| − | ==== Causes of hyperchloraemia ====
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| − | * Water deprivation
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| − | * Osmotic diarrhoea
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| − | * Hypertonic saline/salt poisoning
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| − | * Renal tubular acidosis (types I and II)
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| − | * Hypoadrenocorticism (type IV renal tubular acidosis)
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| − | * Defective thirst response
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| − | * Diabetes insipidus (with water restriction)
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| − | * Chronic respiratory alkalosis
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| − | ==== Causes of hypochloraemia ====
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| − | * Vomiting of stomach contents
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| − | * Therapy with loop diuretics or thiazides
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| − | * Metabolic acidosis: ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, ethylene glycol
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| − | === '''Complementary tests''' ===
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| − | Other electrolytes
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| − | === Equine ===
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| − | ==== Causes of hyperchloraemia ====
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| − | * Dehydration
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| − | * Salt poisoning
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| − | * Metabolic acidosis
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| − | * Respiratory alkalosis (chronic)
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| − | * Renal dysfunction (renal tubular necrosis)
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| − | ==== Causes of hypochloraemia ====
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| − | * Diarrhoea
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| − | * Blood loss
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| − | * Peritonitis
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| − | * Gastrointestinal loss (higher bowel obstruction)
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| − | * Ruptured bladder
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| − | * Ascites
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| − | * Excessive sweating
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| − | * Oesophageal obstruction
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| − | * Low salt diet
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| − | * Respiratory acidosis
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| − | === Complementary tests ===
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| − | In equines the calculation of urine clearance ratios will assist interpretation of serum electrolyte and mineral levels.
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| − | == Authors & References ==
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| − | [[NationWide Laboratories]]
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| − | [[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]] | |
| − | [[Category:Electrolytes]]
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| − | [[Category:Clinical Chemistry|ABCDEFGH]]
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